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Review

Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: Current Perspectives

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Pages 11-20 | Published online: 15 Jan 2020

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Ru Jia, Can Wu, Xiaoxu Tang, Miaomiao He, Xinglin Liu, Chang Su & Chengzhi Li. (2023) Comparison of the efficacy of focused ultrasound at different focal depths in treating vulvar lichen sclerosus. International Journal of Hyperthermia 40:1.
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Yunyan Yuan, Caroline J Wang & Houmin Li. (2022) Extragenital Bullous Lichen Sclerosus Treated with Fractional CO2 Laser (FxCO2) and Wet Dressing of Halcinonide Solution: A Case Report. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 15, pages 427-431.
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Rong Tan, Linlin Xiao, Jiangchuan Sun, Maoyu Liu, Xiaoyuan Zhang & Shufang Chang. (2022) A retrospective study of focused ultrasound versus cryotherapy in treatment of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions. International Journal of Hyperthermia 39:1, pages 1294-1299.
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Sili He & Jianfa Jiang. (2022) High-intensity focused ultrasound therapy for pediatric and adolescent vulvar lichen sclerosus. International Journal of Hyperthermia 39:1, pages 579-583.
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M. Tedesco, V. Garelli, B. Bellei, I. Sperduti, G. Chichierchia, A. Latini, M.L Foddai, E. Bertozzi, A. Bonadies, T. Pallara, C. Romani, A. Morrone & E. Migliano. (2022) Platelet-rich plasma for genital lichen sclerosus: analysis and results of 94 patients. Are there gender-related differences in symptoms and therapeutic response to PRP?. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 33:3, pages 1558-1562.
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F. Guidozzi. (2021) Lichen sclerosus of the vulva. Climacteric 24:5, pages 513-520.
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Articles from other publishers (54)

Mario Preti, Fulvio Borella, Stefano Ferretti, Adele Caldarella, Monica Corazza, Leonardo Micheletti, Angelina De Magnis, Alessandro Borghi, Camilla Salvini, Niccolò Gallio, Giorgia Pasquero, Pedro Vieira-Baptista, Amanda Selk, Chiara Benedetto & Stefano Rosso. (2023) Genital and extragenital oncological risk in women with vulvar lichen sclerosus: A multi-center Italian study. Maturitas 175, pages 107767.
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Marketa Janovska, Katherine J. Bodiford, Alison J. Bruce & Roy S. RogersIIIIII. (2023) Coexistence of oral lichen planus and vulvar lichen sclerosus. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 136:2, pages 187-194.
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Alexis A. Dieter, Cheryl B. Iglesia, Jennifer H. Lee, Maria J. Etcheverry, Melissa K. Gonzales, Andrew I. Sokol, Eshetu Tefera & Michael A. Cardis. (2023) A prospective pilot study to assess for histologic changes on vulvar biopsies in postmenopausal women with lichen sclerosus treated with fractionated CO 2 laser therapy . Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 55:6, pages 521-527.
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Lauren F. Streicher. (2023) Diagnosis, causes, and treatment of dyspareunia in postmenopausal women. Menopause 30:6, pages 635-649.
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Sophie Rees, Caroline Owen, Clare Baumhauer & Sarah Hillman. (2023) Vulval lichen sclerosus in primary care: thinking beyond thrush and genitourinary symptoms of the menopause. British Journal of General Practice 73:730, pages 234-236.
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Naila Ahmed. (2023) Postcoital bleeding. InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 16:5, pages 254-258.
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Ekaterina V. Kolesnikova, Alexander V. Zharov, Sergey S. Todorov, Gregoriy A. Penzhoyan & Natalya V. Mingaleva. (2023) Morphological features of various variants of the course of scleroatrophic lichen of the vulva. RUDN Journal of Medicine 27:1, pages 17-38.
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E. A. Kiseleva, A. Sh. Makhmutkhodzhaev & G. A. Mikheenko. (2023) Effect of combined antioxidant and photodynamic therapy on the emotional state of patients with vulvar craurosis. Medical Herald of the South of Russia 14:1, pages 5-12.
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Hakayna Calegaro Salgado, Denise Gasparetti Drumond, Gabriel Duque Pannain, Louise Gracielle de Melo e Costa, Fernanda Souza Sampaio & Isabel Cristina Gonçalves Leite. (2023) Randomized clinical trial with fractional CO2 laser and Clobetasol in the treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: a clinic study of feasibility. BMC Research Notes 16:1.
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Meenu Reddy, Katie A. O'Connell & Megan O'Connor. (2023) Lichen Sclerosus. Journal of the Dermatology Nurses' Association 15:2, pages 67-69.
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Yukun Wang, Jianchun Hao & Jie Liu. (2023) High-frequency ultrasound assessment of vulvar lichen sclerosus treated with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 41, pages 103277.
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David A. De Luca, Cristian Papara, Artem Vorobyev, Hernán Staiger, Katja Bieber, Diamant Thaçi & Ralf J. Ludwig. (2023) Lichen sclerosus: The 2023 update. Frontiers in Medicine 10.
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Marinella Tedesco, Valentina Garelli, Fulvia Elia, Francesca Sperati, F. Biondi, L. Mosiello, Aldo Morrone & Emilia Migliano. (2023) Efficacy of injecting hybrid cooperative complexes of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A preliminary study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 22:2, pages 449-457.
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Alyssa B Smith, Náimah I Muhammad, Sarah T Cigna & Jill M Krapf. (2023) A systematic review of sexual health consequences among women with lichen sclerosus. Sexual Medicine Reviews 11:1, pages 8-14.
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Lijun Li. (2023) Clinical efficacy evaluation of crisaborole ointment in the treatment of vulvar leukoplakia. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 69:1, pages 97-100.
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Ahmad Alharbi, Attiah Khobrani, Afnan Noor, Waad Alghamdi, Abdulmalik Alotaibi, Mohammed Alnuhait & Abdul Haseeb. (2022) Risk of Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Planus in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20:1, pages 580.
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Mary L. Marnach & Petra M. Casey. (2022) Laser Therapy for Recalcitrant Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Review of the Literature. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 65:4, pages 768-774.
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Ekaterina V. Kolesnikova, Alexander V. Zharov, Grigory A. Penzhoyan & Natalia V. Mingaleva. (2022) Management of patients with the atrophic variant of vulvar lichen sclerosus. Gynecology 24:5, pages 362-368.
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Anna Torres, Monika Zaborek-Łyczba, Jakub Łyczba, Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski & Ewelina Grywalska. (2022) The Importance of Immunological Disorders in the Pathogenesis of Lichen Sclerosus in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:22, pages 14212.
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P. Gutierrez-Ontalvilla, F. Giner, L. Vidal & M. Iborra. (2022) The Effect of Lipofilling and Platelet-Rich Plasma on Patients with Moderate–Severe Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus who were Non-Responders to Topical Clobetasol Propionate: A Randomized Pilot Study. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 46:5, pages 2469-2479.
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E. A. Kiseleva, A. Sh. Makhmutkhodzhaev & G. A. Mikheenko. (2022) Antioxidants in treatment of kraurosis vulvae. Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 7:3, pages 46-53.
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Arseniy L. Potapov, Marina A. Sirotkina, Lev A. Matveev, Varvara V. Dudenkova, Vadim V. Elagin, Sergey S. Kuznetsov, Maria M. Karabut, Anastasia D. Komarova, Nailya N. Vagapova, Ivan K. Safonov, Irina A. Kuznetsova, Stefka G. Radenska‐Lopovok, Elena V. Zagaynova & Natalia D. Gladkova. (2022) Multiphoton microscopy assessment of the structure and variability changes of dermal connective tissue in vulvar lichen sclerosus: A pilot study. Journal of Biophotonics 15:9.
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Jill M. Krapf, Alyssa B. Smith, Sarah T. Cigna & Andrew T. Goldstein. (2022) Presenting Symptoms and Diagnosis of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus in Premenopausal Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 26:3, pages 271-275.
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M. Luque-Luna, X. Bosch-Amate & D. Morgado-Carrasco. (2022) [Translated article] RF - Importance of Topical Corticosteroid Treatment for Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus to Prevent Recurrences of Vulvar Carcinoma. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas 113:7, pages T722-T723.
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M. Luque-Luna, X. Bosch-Amate & D. Morgado-Carrasco. (2022) FR - La importancia del tratamiento con corticoides tópicos en pacientes con liquen escleroso vulvar en la prevención de recurrencias de carcinoma vulvar. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas 113:7, pages 722-723.
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Jorge Aróstegui Aguilar, Ingrid Hiltun Cabredo, Mónica Larrea García & Juan Ignacio Yanguas Bayona. (2022) Liquen escleroso genital infantil. Piel 37:6, pages 361-365.
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Nanouk van der Sluis, Esther C.A.H. Scheers, Guido Krenning, Berend van der Lei, Maaike H.M. Oonk & Joris A. van Dongen. (2022) Autologous lipoaspirate as a new treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A review on literature. Experimental Dermatology 31:5, pages 689-699.
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Mary Lauren Pfieffer. (2022) Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. Advances in Family Practice Nursing 4:1, pages 117-129.
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Vesna Kesić, Pedro Vieira-Baptista & Colleen K. Stockdale. (2022) Early Diagnostics of Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Cancers 14:7, pages 1822.
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Marinella Tedesco, Valentina Garelli, Fulvia Elia, Francesca Sperati, Aldo Morrone & Emilia Migliano. (2022) The efficacy of injecting hybrid cooperative complexes of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus: A preliminary study. Dermatologic Therapy 35:4.
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Samantha H. Jakuboski & Sarah J. Noor. (2022) Meet the expert: Topical management of vulvar dermatoses. Journal of Geriatric Oncology 13:3, pages 282-286.
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Magdalena Bizoń, Danuta Maślińska & Włodzimierz Sawicki. (2022) Influence of Photodynamic Therapy on Lichen Sclerosus with Neoplastic Background. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:4, pages 1100.
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A.V. Zharov, E.V. Kolesnikova, G.A. Penzhoyan & G.A. Anikina. (2022) Variants of the clinical course of sclerotic external genitalia in women. Rossiiskii vestnik akushera-ginekologa 22:5, pages 92.
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Yu.N. Perlamutrov, K.B. Olkhovskaya, T.I. Vasilenko & D.I. Anokhina. (2022) Lichenoid dermatoses of the anogenital area. Klinicheskaya dermatologiya i venerologiya 21:5, pages 646.
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Gemma L Owens, Nick J Wood & Pierre Martin‐Hirsch. (2022) Investigation and management of postcoital bleeding. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 24:1, pages 24-30.
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Kristen Stewart, Sunbal Javaid, Konika P. Schallen, Sarah Bartlett & Nancy A. Carlson. (2021) Fractional CO 2 laser treatment as adjunctive therapy to topical steroids for managing vulvar lichen sclerosus . Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 54:1, pages 138-151.
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Maurizio FilippiniJessica SozziMiriam FarinelliAlice Verdelli. (2021) Effects of Fractional CO 2 Laser Treatment on Patients Affected by Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Prospective Study . Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery 39:12, pages 782-788.
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Agnieszka Gerkowicz, Paulina Szczepanik-Kułak & Dorota Krasowska. (2021) Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10:23, pages 5491.
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Felix Wu Shun Wong & Chengzhi Li. (2021) Focused Ultrasound Surgery Applications in Treating Vulvar Non-neoplastic Epithelial Disorders. Journal of Skin and Stem Cell 8:3.
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Charlotte Morris, Catherine Briggs & Manju Navani. (2021) Dyspareunia. InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 14:10, pages 607-614.
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Veronica Boero, Carlo A. Liverani, Massimiliano Brambilla, Ermelinda Monti, Roberto Tozzi, Filippo Murina, Eugenia Di Loreto, Sonia Cipriani, Giada Libutti, Giulia E. Cetera, Maria Iorio, Andrea Dell'Acqua & Fabio Parazzini. (2021) The “CIV Classification,” a New Proposal for the Architectural Grading of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease 25:4, pages 291-295.
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Xiaohui Tan, Shuyang Ren, Canyuan Yang, Shuchang Ren, Melinda Z. Fu, Amelia R. Goldstein, Xuelan Li, Leia Mitchell, Jill M. Krapf, Charles J. Macri, Andrew T. Goldstein & Sidney W. Fu. (2021) Differentially Regulated miRNAs and Their Related Molecular Pathways in Lichen Sclerosus. Cells 10:9, pages 2291.
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Mary L. Marnach & Rochelle R. Torgerson. (2021) Therapeutic Interventions for Challenging Cases of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus and Lichen Planus. Obstetrics & Gynecology 138:3, pages 374-378.
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Alexander A. Moiseev, Marina A. Sirotkina, Arseny L. Potapov, Lev A. Matveev, Nailya N. Vagapova, Irina A. Kuznetsova & Natalia D. Gladkova. (2021) Lymph vessels visualization from optical coherence tomography data using depth‐resolved attenuation coefficient calculation. Journal of Biophotonics 14:9.
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Aleksandra Zielińska, Agnieszka Maździarz, Nabil Abdalla, Włodzimierz Sawicki & Ewa Dmoch-Gajzlerska. (2021) Does HPV infection have impact on results of photodynamic treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus?. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 34, pages 102138.
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Natalia N. Stenyaeva, Dmitrii F. Chritinin & Andrei A. Chausov. (2021) Gynecological diseases as predictors of female sexual dysfunction. Gynecology 23:2, pages 149-154.
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Letícia Côgo Marques, Lílian Rocha Santos, Natasha Camargo da Silva, Karin Soares Cunha, Arley Silva Junior & Danielle Castex Conde. (2021) Oral Lichen Planus Associated With Lichen Planus Pigmentosus and Lichen Sclerosus in Monozygotic Twins. The American Journal of Dermatopathology 43:5, pages 368-372.
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A. G. Solopova, E. E. Achkasov, A. D. Makatsariya, I. V. Khamani, T. A. Blbulyan & V. S. Moskvichyova. (2021) Assessing sexual function and vulvovaginal symptoms in young patients with vulvar dystrophy. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction 14:6, pages 622-629.
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Márcia Farina Kamilos, Lana Maria Aguiar, Valéria Holmo Batista, Cristiane Lima Roa, Fernando Nalesso Aguiar, José Maria SoaresJúniorJúnior & Edmund Chada Baracat. (2021) Microablative fractional radiofrequency as a therapeutic option for vulvar lichen sclerosus: a pilot study. Clinics 76, pages e2567.
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Yingjie Qu, Zachary J. Smith, Kelly Tyler, Shufang Chang, Shuwei Shen, Mingzhai Sun & Ronald X. Xu. (2021) Applying limiting entropy to quantify the alignment of collagen fibers by polarized light imaging. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 18:3, pages 2331-2356.
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Anna-Maija Matela, Jaana Hagström & Hellevi Ruokonen. 2021. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa 163 171 .
В. В. Дунаевская, Т. Ф. Татарчук, Н. Ф. Захаренко, Д. А. Церковский & В. С. Сольский. (2020) Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of patients with vulvar premalignant diseases. First experience of its use in Ukraine. REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY:54, pages 22-26.
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Yingjie Qu, Yuquan Meng, Sui Feng, Maoyu Liu, Linlin Xiao, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Jinjin Zheng, Shufang Chang & Ronald X. Xu. (2020) Therapeutic Assessment of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus by Active Dynamic Thermal Imaging and Hyperspectral Imaging—A Preliminary Study. Frontiers in Physics 8.
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Isabel Hinojal Toscano, Beatriz Zamorano Alanís & María Ángel Martínez Maestre. (2020) Revisión del tratamiento actual del liquen escleroso vulvar. Archivos de Investigación Materno Infantil 11:2, pages 82-90.
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