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Xenobiotica
the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
Volume 14, 1984 - Issue 11
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Original Article

Role of the intestinal microflora in clonazepam metabolism in the rat

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Pages 829-840 | Received 11 Aug 1983, Published online: 30 Sep 2009

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S. Cyrus Khojasteh, Upendra A. Argikar, Sungjoon Cho, Rachel Crouch, Carley J. S. Heck, Kevin M. Johnson, Amit S. Kalgutkar, Lloyd King, Hlaing (Holly) Maw, Herana Kamal Seneviratne, Shuai Wang, Cong Wei, Donglu Zhang & Klarissa D. Jackson. (2022) Biotransformation novel advances – 2021 year in review. Drug Metabolism Reviews 54:3, pages 207-245.
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Maria Zimmermann-Kogadeeva, Michael Zimmermann & Andrew L. Goodman. (2020) Insights from pharmacokinetic models of host-microbiome drug metabolism. Gut Microbes 11:3, pages 587-596.
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Yuan Xie, Fangdi Hu, Dawei Xiang, Hui Lu, Wenbin Li, Anpeng Zhao, Longji Huang & Rong Wang. (2020) The metabolic effect of gut microbiota on drugs. Drug Metabolism Reviews 52:1, pages 139-156.
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Juanhong Zhang, Junmin Zhang & Rong Wang. (2018) Gut microbiota modulates drug pharmacokinetics. Drug Metabolism Reviews 50:3, pages 357-368.
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Tewes Tralau, Juliane Sowada & Andreas Luch. (2015) Insights on the human microbiome and its xenobiotic metabolism: what is known about its effects on human physiology?. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 11:3, pages 411-425.
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Shiuan-Woei LinWu, Andrew H-J Wang & Fu-Chuo Peng. (2010) Flavin-containing reductase: new perspective on the detoxification of nitrobenzodiazepine. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 6:8, pages 967-981.
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Emma L. McConnell, Fang Liu & Abdul W. Basit. (2009) Colonic treatments and targets: issues and opportunities. Journal of Drug Targeting 17:5, pages 335-363.
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Sara Mousa, Muhammad Sarfraz & Walaa K. Mousa. (2023) The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Oral Medications and Its Impact on Advancing Precision Medicine. Metabolites 13:5, pages 674.
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Carmen Purdel, Anca Ungurianu, Ines Adam-Dima & Denisa Margină. (2023) Exploring the potential impact of probiotic use on drug metabolism and efficacy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 161, pages 114468.
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Joshua B. Simpson & Matthew R. Redinbo. (2022) Multi-omic analysis of host-microbial interactions central to the gut-brain axis. Molecular Omics 18:10, pages 896-907.
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Dylan Dodd & Isaac Cann. (2022) Tutorial: Microbiome studies in drug metabolism. Clinical and Translational Science 15:12, pages 2812-2837.
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Dan Li, Yujuan Li, Shengjie Yang, Jing Lu, Xiao Jin & Min Wu. (2022) Diet-gut microbiota-epigenetics in metabolic diseases: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 153, pages 113290.
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Xue Bai, Guiqin Liu, Jianxin Yang, Junbo Zhu & Xiangyang Li. (2022) Gut Microbiota as the Potential Mechanism to Mediate Drug Metabolism Under High-altitude Hypoxia. Current Drug Metabolism 23:1, pages 8-20.
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Prasat Kittakoop. 2021. Human Microbiome. Human Microbiome.
Aishwarya Naik & Santosh K. Misra. (2021) Modern Sensing Approaches for Predicting Toxicological Responses of Food- and Drug-Based Bioactives on Microbiomes of Gut Origin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69:23, pages 6396-6413.
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Michael Zimmermann, Kiran Raosaheb Patil, Athanasios Typas & Lisa Maier. (2021) Towards a mechanistic understanding of reciprocal drug–microbiome interactions. Molecular Systems Biology 17:3.
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Stephanie A. Flowers, Shubha Bhat & James C. Lee. (2020) Potential Implications of Gut Microbiota in Drug Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 40:7, pages 704-712.
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Bahar Javdan, Jaime G. Lopez, Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon, Ying-Chiang J. Lee, Raphaella Hull, Qihao Wu, Xiaojuan Wang, Seema Chatterjee & Mohamed S. Donia. (2020) Personalized Mapping of Drug Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome. Cell 181:7, pages 1661-1679.e22.
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Yukuang Guo, Hyunwoo Lee & Hyunyoung Jeong. 2020. The Microbiome in Health and Disease. The Microbiome in Health and Disease 61 93 .
Jason M. Koontz, Blair C. R. Dancy, Cassandra L. Horton, Jonathan D. Stallings, Valerie T. DiVito & John A. Lewis. (2019) The Role of the Human Microbiome in Chemical Toxicity. International Journal of Toxicology 38:4, pages 251-264.
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Juanhong Zhang, Junmin Zhang, Rong Wang & Zhengping Jia. (2019) Effects of Gut Microbiota on Drug Metabolism and Guidance for Rational Drug Use Under Hypoxic Conditions at High Altitudes. Current Drug Metabolism 20:2, pages 155-165.
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Gerard Clarke, Kiran V. Sandhu, Brendan T. Griffin, Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan & Niall P. Hyland. (2019) Gut Reactions: Breaking Down Xenobiotic–Microbiome Interactions. Pharmacological Reviews 71:2, pages 198-224.
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Michael Zimmermann, Maria Zimmermann-Kogadeeva, Rebekka Wegmann & Andrew L. Goodman. (2019) Separating host and microbiome contributions to drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Science 363:6427.
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Jacinta Walsh, Brendan T Griffin, Gerard Clarke & Niall P Hyland. (2018) Drug-gut microbiota interactions: implications for neuropharmacology. British Journal of Pharmacology 175:24, pages 4415-4429.
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Jordan E. Bisanz, Peter Spanogiannopoulos, Lindsey M. Pieper, Annamarie E. Bustion & Peter J. Turnbaugh. (2018) How to Determine the Role of the Microbiome in Drug Disposition. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 46:11, pages 1588-1595.
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Siavash Atashgahi, Sudarshan A. Shetty, Hauke Smidt & Willem M. de Vos. (2018) Flux, Impact, and Fate of Halogenated Xenobiotic Compounds in the Gut. Frontiers in Physiology 9.
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Min Sun Choi, Jun Sang Yu, Hye Hyun Yoo & Dong-Hyun Kim. (2018) The role of gut microbiota in the pharmacokinetics of antihypertensive drugs. Pharmacological Research 130, pages 164-171.
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Juan Antonio Gimenez-Bastida, Lucia Martinez Carreras, Angela Moya-Pérez & José Moisés Laparra Llopis. (2018) Pharmacological Efficacy/Toxicity of Drugs: A Comprehensive Update About the Dynamic Interplay of Microbes. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 107:3, pages 778-784.
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L. Chi & K. Lu. 2018. Comprehensive Toxicology. Comprehensive Toxicology 59 73 .
Hong Liu, Melissa J. Michmerhuizen, Yanbin Lao, Katty Wan, Ahmed Hamed Salem, James Sawicki, Michael Serby, Srirajan Vaidyanathan, Shekman L. Wong, Suresh Agarwal, Martin Dunbar, Jens Sydor, Sonia M. de Morais & Anthony J. Lee. (2017) Metabolism and Disposition of a Novel B-Cell Lymphoma-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax in Humans and Characterization of Its Unusual Metabolites. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 45:3, pages 294-305.
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Ian D. Wilson & Jeremy K. Nicholson. (2017) Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Translational Research 179, pages 204-222.
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Lenka Jourova, Pavel Anzenbacher & Eva Anzenbacherova. (2016) Human gut microbiota plays a role in the metabolism of drugs. Biomedical Papers 160:3, pages 317-326.
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G B Rogers, D J Keating, R L Young, M-L Wong, J Licinio & S Wesselingh. (2016) From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms and pathways. Molecular Psychiatry 21:6, pages 738-748.
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Dong-Hyun Kim. (2015) Gut Microbiota-Mediated Drug-Antibiotic Interactions. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 43:10, pages 1581-1589.
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Lian Yee Yip & Eric Chun Yong Chan. (2015) Investigation of Host–Gut Microbiota Modulation of Therapeutic Outcome. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 43:10, pages 1619-1631.
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Stephanie A. Flowers & Vicki L. Ellingrod. (2015) The Microbiome in Mental Health: Potential Contribution of Gut Microbiota in Disease and Pharmacotherapy Management. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 35:10, pages 910-916.
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Ian D. Wilson & Jeremy K. Nicholson. 2015. Metabonomics and Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Disease. Metabonomics and Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Disease 323 341 .
Henry J. Haiser & Peter J. Turnbaugh. (2013) Developing a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Pharmacological Research 69:1, pages 21-31.
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Tiago Sousa, Ronnie Paterson, Vanessa Moore, Anders Carlsson, Bertil Abrahamsson & Abdul W. Basit. (2008) The gastrointestinal microbiota as a site for the biotransformation of drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 363:1-2, pages 1-25.
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Paul Forsythe & John Bienestock. 2008. Therapeutic Microbiology. Therapeutic Microbiology 285 298 .
Feng Zuo, Norio Nakamura, Teruaki Akao & Masao Hattori. (2006) Pharmacokinetics of Berberine and Its Main Metabolites in Conventional and Pseudo Germ-Free Rats Determined by Liquid Chromatography/Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 34:12, pages 2064-2072.
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Kjetil Ask, Nathalie Décologne, Nana Asare, Jørn A. Holme, Yves Artur, Hélène Pelczar & Philippe Camus. (2004) Distribution of nitroreductive activity toward nilutamide in rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 201:1, pages 1-9.
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M.Abu Shamat. (1993) The role of the gastrointestinal microflora in the metabolism of drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 97:1-3, pages 1-13.
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David J. Greenblatt. (2013) Presystemic Extraction: Mechanisms and Consequences. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33:7, pages 650-656.
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Howard C. Rosenberg, Elizabeth I. Tietz & Ted H. Chiu. (2007) Tolerance to Anticonvulsant Effects of Diazepam, Clonazepam, and Clobazam in Amygdala‐Kindled Rats. Epilepsia 30:3, pages 276-285.
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A.F. Hofmann, C. Cravetto, G. Molino, G. Belforte & B. Bona. (1987) Simulation of the metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of endogenous deoxycholic acid in humans using a physiologic pharmacokinetic model for bile acid metabolism. Gastroenterology 93:4, pages 693-709.
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