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Original Article

Therapeutic Communities: What Are the Retention Rates?

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Pages 267-284 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Read on this site (38)

Gila Chen, Ety Elisha, Uri Timor & Natti Ronel. (2016) Why Do Adolescents Drop Out of a Therapeutic Community for People With Drug Addiction?. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 25:1, pages 65-77.
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Sam Choi, Susie M. Adams, Siobhan A. Morse & Sam MacMaster. (2015) Gender Differences in Treatment Retention Among Individuals with Co-Occurring Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders. Substance Use & Misuse 50:5, pages 653-663.
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Alexandra Duncan, Gerald Melnick, Rashid Ahmed & C. Debra Furr-Holden. (2014) Posttreatment Drug Use Abstinence: Does the Majority Program Clientele Matter?. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 13:3, pages 185-208.
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Stanley Sacks, Karen McKendrick, JoAnnY. Sacks & CharlesM. Cleland. (2010) Modified Therapeutic Community for Co-Occurring Disorders: Single Investigator Meta Analysis. Substance Abuse 31:3, pages 146-161.
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Kristy Johns, Amanda Baker, RosemaryA. Webster & TerryJ. Lewin. (2009) Factors associated with retention in a long-term residential rehabilitation programme for women with substance use problems. Mental Health and Substance Use 2:1, pages 40-51.
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Maria A. Sullivan, Jami L. Rothenberg, Suzanne K. Vosburg, Sarah H. Church, Shara J. Feldman, Eva M. Epstein, Herbert D. Kleber & Edward V. Nunes. (2006) Predictors of Retention in Naltrexone Maintenance for Opioid Dependence: Analysis of a Stage I Trial. American Journal on Addictions 15:2, pages 150-159.
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Petra S. Meier, Petra S. Meier & David Best. (2006) Programme factors that influence completion of residential treatment. Drug and Alcohol Review 25:4, pages 349-355.
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AmieL. Nielsen & FrankR. Scarpitti. (2002) Predicting Retention in a Therapeutic Community for Incarcerated Substance Abusers. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 34:3, pages 47-65.
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Susan Egelko, Marc Galanter, Helen Dermatis, Eva Jurewicz, Andrea Jamison, Shannon Dingle & George De Leon. (2002) Improved Psychological Status in a Modified Therapeutic Community for Homeless MICA Men. Journal of Addictive Diseases 21:2, pages 75-92.
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Martha A. Medrano, John P. Hatch, William A. Zule & David P. Desmond. (2002) Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 28:1, pages 1-13.
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Elizabeth Mayfield Arnold, J. Chris Stewart & C. Aaron McNeece. (2001) Enhancing Services for Offenders: The Impact on Treatment Completion. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 33:3, pages 255-262.
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VivianB. Brown, LisaA. Melchior & G.J. Huba. (1999) Level of Burden Among Women Diagnosed with Severe Mental Illness and Substance Abuse. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 31:1, pages 31-40.
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StephenM. Taylor, Marc Galanter, Helen Dermatis, Neal Spivack & Susan Egelko. (1997) Dual Diagnosis Patients in the Modified Therapeutic Community. Journal of Addictive Diseases 16:3, pages 31-38.
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GraceA. Rowan-Szal, GeorgeW. Joe, MatthewL. Hiller & D. Dwayne Simpson. (1997) Increasing Early Engagement in Methadone Treatment. Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions 1:1, pages 49-61.
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George De Leon, Gerald Melnick & David Kressel. (1997) Motivation and Readiness for Therapeutic Community Treatment among Cocaine and Other Drug Abusers. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 23:2, pages 169-189.
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Gerald Melnick, George De Leon, Josephine Hawke, Nancy Jainchill & David Kressel. (1997) Motivation and Readiness for Therapeutic Community Treatment among Adolescents and Adult Substance Abusers. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 23:4, pages 485-506.
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Richard R. Szuster, Linda L. Rich, Adele Chung & Sarah W. Bisconer. (1996) Treatment Retention in Women's Residential Chemical Dependency Treatment: The Effect of Admission with Children. Substance Use & Misuse 31:8, pages 1001-1013.
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Marc Galanter, Susan Egelko, Helen Edwards & Steven Katz. (1996) Can Cocaine Addicts with Severe Mental Illness Be Treated Along with Singly Diagnosed Addicts?. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 22:4, pages 497-507.
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VivianB. Brown, GeorgeJ. Huba & LisaA. Melchior. (1995) Level of Burden: Women with More Than One Co-Occurring Disorder. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 27:4, pages 339-346.
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Maureen Vickers-Lahti, Frances Garfield, Jane McCusker, Rita Hindin, Carol Bigelow, Craig Love & Benjamin Lewis. (1995) The Relationship Between Legal Factors and Attrition from a Residential Drug Abuse Treatment Program. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 27:1, pages 17-25.
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Jody Lauren Bleiberg, Peter Devlin, Jerry Croan & Raymond Briscoe. (1994) Relationship between Treatment Length and Outcome in a Therapeutic Community. International Journal of the Addictions 29:6, pages 729-740.
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Ward S. Condelli. (1994) Domains of Variables for Understanding and Improving Retention in Therapeutic Communities. International Journal of the Addictions 29:5, pages 593-607.
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George De Leon, Gerald Melnick, David Kressel & Nancy Jainchill. (1994) Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness, and Suitability (The CMRS Scales): Predicting Retention in Therapeutic Community Treatment. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 20:4, pages 495-515.
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David C. Bell, Mark L. Williams, Robin Nelson & Richard T. Spence. (1994) An Experimental Test of Retention in Residential and Outpatient Programs. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 20:3, pages 331-340.
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John Toumbourou & Margaret Hamilton. (1993) Perceived Client and Program Moderators of Successful Therapeutic Community Treatment for Drug Addiction. International Journal of the Addictions 28:11, pages 1127-1146.
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Alfred S. Friedman, Samuel Granick, Cheryl Kreisher & Arlene Terras. (1993) Matching Adolescents Who Abuse Drugs to Treatment. American Journal on Addictions 2:3, pages 232-237.
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Robert F. Schilling & Carl Sachs. (1993) Attrition from an Evening Alcohol Rehabilitation Program. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19:2, pages 239-248.
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Sung-Yeon Kang & George De Leon. (1993) Correlates of Drug Injection Behaviors among Methadone Outpatients. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19:1, pages 107-118.
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Shane Darke. (1992) The measurement of outcome in opiate treatment evaluation studies. Drug and Alcohol Review 11:2, pages 169-174.
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Judith Sutherland. (1991) Intervening in Premature Termination of Treatment in Substance Abuse Programs. Addictions Nursing Network 3:4, pages 108-114.
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Charles Winick. (1990) Retention and Outcome at ACI, a Unique Therapeutic Community. International Journal of the Addictions 25:1, pages 1-26.
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Marcia Andersen, Barry Brown, Sandra B. Coleman, George De Leon, William Ford, Frederick Glaser, Richard L. Gorsuch, George Huba, Howard Kaplan, Edward J. Khantzian, Herbert Kleber, David Laskowitz, Nina Lief, William Martin, William McAuliffe, Beth Reed, Frank Shontz, James Spotts, Andrew Weil, George Woody & Norman Zinberg. (1989) From Theory to Practice: The Planned Treatment of Drug Users. International Journal of the Addictions 24:8, pages 785-820.
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James W. Siddall & Gail L. Conway. (1988) Interactional Variables Associated with Retention and Success in Residential Drug Treatment. International Journal of the Addictions 23:12, pages 1241-1254.
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Robert J. Craig & Ronald E. Olson. (1988) Differences in Psychological Need Hierarchy between Program Completers and Dropouts from a Drug Abuse Treatment Program. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 14:1, pages 89-96.
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Kenneth F. Pompi & Jeremy Resnick. (1987) Retention of Court-Referred Adolescents and Young Adults in the Therapeutic Community. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 13:3, pages 309-325.
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George De Leon & Nancy Jainchill. (1986) Circumstance, Motivation, Readiness and Suitability as Correlates of Treatment Tenure. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 18:3, pages 203-208.
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George De Leon. (1985) The Therapeutic Community: Status and Evolution. International Journal of the Addictions 20:6-7, pages 823-844.
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Articles from other publishers (52)

Benjamin Campbell, Keith Warren, Mackenzie Weiler & George De Leon. (2021) Eigenvector centrality defines hierarchy and predicts graduation in therapeutic community units. PLOS ONE 16:12, pages e0261405.
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Petra K. Staiger, Paul Liknaitzky, Amelia J. Lake & Stefan Gruenert. (2020) Longitudinal Substance Use and Biopsychosocial Outcomes Following Therapeutic Community Treatment for Substance Dependence. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9:1, pages 118.
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Ilse Goethals, Wouter Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde & Eric Broekaert. (2015) Core characteristics, treatment process and retention in therapeutic communities for addictions: a summary of four studies. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 36:2, pages 89-102.
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Elizabeth B Stuyt. (2014) Ear Acupuncture for Co-Occurring Substance Abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder: An Aid to Encourage Treatment Retention and Tobacco Cessation. Acupuncture in Medicine 32:4, pages 318-324.
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María José Casares-López, Ana González-Menéndez, David S. Festinger, Paula Fernández-García, José Ramón Fernández-Hermida, Roberto Secades & Jason Matejkowski. (2013) Predictors of retention in a drug-free unit/substance abuse treatment in prison. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 36:3-4, pages 264-272.
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Karis M. Gholab & Lynne E. Magor‐Blatch. (2013) Predictors of retention in “transitional” rehabilitation: dynamic versus static client variables. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 34:1, pages 16-28.
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Keith Warren, Danielle Hiance, Nathan Doogan, George De Leon & Gary Phillips. (2013) Verbal feedback in therapeutic communities: pull-ups and reciprocated pull-ups as predictors of graduation. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 44:4, pages 361-368.
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Ilse Goethals, Wouter Vanderplasschen, Stijn Vandevelde & Eric Broekaert. (2012) Fixed and dynamic predictors of treatment process in therapeutic communities for substance abusers in Belgium. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 7:1.
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Danesh A. Alam & Andrew Martorana. (2011) Addiction Treatment: Level of Care Determination. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 38:1, pages 125-136.
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George De Leon. 2010. Clinical Addiction Psychiatry. Clinical Addiction Psychiatry 61 71 .
Sébastien Larochelle, Louis Diguer, Olivier Laverdière, Dominick Gamache, Paul Samuel Greenman & Jean Descôteaux. (2010) Psychological dimensions of antisocial personality disorder as predictors of psychotherapy noncompletion among sexual offenders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 74:1, pages 1-28.
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James L. Sorensen, Siara Andrews, Kevin L. Delucchi, Brian Greenberg, Joseph Guydish, Carmen L. Masson & Michael Shopshire. (2009) Methadone patients in the therapeutic community: A test of equivalency. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 100:1-2, pages 100-106.
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George De Leon & Harry Wexler. (2009) The Therapeutic Community for Addictions: An Evolving Knowledge Base. Journal of Drug Issues 39:1, pages 167-177.
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Stanley Sacks, Steven Banks, Karen McKendrick & JoAnn Y. Sacks. (2008) Modified therapeutic community for co-occurring disorders: A summary of four studies. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 34:1, pages 112-122.
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Eric D. Collins, Terry Horton, Katherine Reinke, Leslie Amass & Edward V. Nunes. (2007) Using buprenorphine to facilitate entry into residential therapeutic community rehabilitation. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 32:2, pages 167-175.
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John C.M. Brust. 2007. Aspects neurologiques de l'addiction. Aspects neurologiques de l'addiction 53 127 .
Veerle Soyez, George De Leon, Yves Rosseel & Eric Broekaert. (2006) Motivation and readiness for therapeutic community treatment: Psychometric evaluation of the Dutch translation of the Circumstances, Motivation, Readiness, and Suitability scales. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 30:4, pages 297-308.
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Veerle Soyez, Hilde Tatrai, Eric Broekaert & Rudy Bracke. (2004) The implementation of contextual therapy in the therapeutic community for substance abusers: a case study. Journal of Family Therapy 26:3, pages 286-305.
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John C.M. Brust. 2004. Neurological Aspects of Substance Abuse. Neurological Aspects of Substance Abuse 43 103 .
Matthew L. Hiller, Kevin Knight, Carl Leukefeld & D. Dwayne Simpson. (2016) Motivation as a Predictor of Therapeutic Engagement in Mandated Residential Substance Abuse Treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior 29:1, pages 56-75.
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Helen Dermatis, Mary Salke, Marc Galanter & Gregory Bunt. (2001) The role of social cohesion among residents in a therapeutic community. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 21:2, pages 105-110.
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George De Leon, Josephine Hawke, Nancy Jainchill & Gerald Melnick. (2000) Therapeutic communities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19:4, pages 375-382.
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A. Y. Beaini, T. S. Johnson, P. Langstaff, M. P. Carr, J. N. Crossfield & R. C. Sweeney. (2006) A compressed opiate detoxification regime with naltrexone maintenance: patient tolerance, risk assessment and abstinence rates. Addiction Biology 5:4, pages 451-462.
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MATTHEW L. HILLER, KEVIN KNIGHT & D. DWAYNE SIMPSON. (2016) Risk Factors That Predict Dropout from Corrections-Based Treatment for Drug Abuse. The Prison Journal 79:4, pages 411-430.
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Michael Gossop, John Marsden, Duncan Stewart & Alexandra Rolfe. (1999) Treatment retention and 1 year outcomes for residential programmes in England. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 57:2, pages 89-98.
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HARRY K. WEXLERGEORGE De LEONGEORGE THOMAS, DAVID KRESSELJEAN PETERS. (2016) The Amity Prison TC Evaluation. Criminal Justice and Behavior 26:2, pages 147-167.
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MATTHEW L. HILLER, KEVIN KNIGHT, KIRK M. BROOME & D. DWAYNE SIMPSON. (2016) Legal Pressure and Treatment Retention in a National Sample of Long-Term Residential Programs. Criminal Justice and Behavior 25:4, pages 463-481.
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Patricia M. Harris. (2016) Attrition Revisited. American Journal of Evaluation 19:3, pages 293-305.
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Daniel Mierlak, md, phd, Marc Galanter, md, Neal Spivack, phd, Helen Dermatis, phd, Eva Jurewicz & George De Leon, phd. (1998) Modified Therapeutic Community Treatment for Homeless Dually Diagnosed Men. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 15:2, pages 117-121.
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LARRY H. NUTTBROCK, DAISY S. NG‐MAK, MICHAEL RAHAV & JAMES J. RIVERA. (2006) Pre‐ and post‐admission attrition of homeless, mentally ill chemical abusers referred to residential treatment programs. Addiction 92:10, pages 1305-1316.
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