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Original Article

Crack Cocaine Use: A Review of Prevalence and Adverse Effects

Pages 13-26 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (12)

Doriana Cristina Gaio, Francisco Inácio Bastos, Samuel Jorge Moysés, Simone Tetu Moysés, Jurema Corrêa da Mota, Belinda Nicolau, Sergio Ignacio, Marcia Regina Cubas, Maria Lucia Tozetto Vettorazzi, Zilá Ferreira Dias Gonçalves dos Santos & Renata Iani Werneck. (2021) Assessing oral health of crack users in Brazil: Perceptions and associated factors, findings from a mixed methods study. Global Public Health 16:4, pages 502-516.
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SolangeA. Nappo, José Carlos Galduróz, Marcelo Raymundo & E.A. Carlini. (2001) Changes in Cocaine Use as Viewed by Key Informants: A Qualitative Study Carried Out in 1994 and 1999 in Sāo Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 33:3, pages 241-253.
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Cleusa P. Ferri, Michael Gossop & Ronaldo R. Laranjeira. (2001) HIGH DOSE COCAINE USE IN SÃO PAULO: A COMPARISON OF TREATMENT AND COMMUNITY SAMPLES. Substance Use & Misuse 36:3, pages 237-255.
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Nabila El-Bassel, Robert Schilling, Andre Ivanoff, Duan-Rung Chen & Meredith Hanson. (1998) Assessing the World Health Organization's Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test Among Incarcerated Women. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 26:3-4, pages 71-89.
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Yili Wang, Linda K. Green & Maria C. Rodriguez-Barradas. (1996) An HIV-Infected Man with Cough and Black Sputum. Hospital Practice 31:12, pages 122-124.
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Solange A. Nappo, José F. Carlos Galduróz & Ana R. Noto. (1996) Crack Use in Sa¯o Paulo. Substance Use & Misuse 31:5, pages 565-579.
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Kenneth Tardiff, Peter M. Marzuk, Andrew C. Leon, Laura Portera, Nancy Hartwell, Charles S. Hirsch & Marina Stajic. (1996) Accidental Fatal Drug Overdoses in New York City: 1990–1992. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 22:2, pages 135-146.
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Shelly J. Lane. (1996) Cocaine:. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 16:1-2, pages 15-33.
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A. Green, H. Pickering, R. Foster, R. Power & G. V. Stimson. (1994) Who uses Cocaine? Social Profiles of Cocaine Users. Addiction Research 2:2, pages 141-154.
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Christopher S. Martin, Amelia M. Arria, Ada C. Mezzich & Oscar G. Bukstein. (1993) Patterns of Polydrug Use in Adolescent Alcohol Abusers. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19:4, pages 511-521.
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Robert S. Gable. (1993) Toward a Comparative Overview of Dependence Potential and Acute Toxicity of Psychoactive Substances Used Nonmedically. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 19:3, pages 263-281.
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H. Virginia McCoy & Christine Miles. (1992) A Gender Comparison of Health Status Among Users of Crack Cocaine. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 24:4, pages 389-397.
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Articles from other publishers (51)

Keith Tsz-Kit Chan, Shangyun Zhou & Christina Marsack-Topolewski. (2020) Race Differences in Opioid Misuse and Adolescent Suicidality. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 39:2, pages 167-181.
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Natasha Banga & Manish Mohanka. (2021) Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes Among Lung Transplant Recipients of Donors With Cocaine Use. Transplantation Proceedings 53:10, pages 3069-3074.
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Sara Silva Fernandes, Cristiane Barros Marcos, Priscila Arruda da Silva & Samuel Carvalho Dumith. (2021) Prevalence of crack cocaine use and its associated factors in patients treated in a specialized outpatient service. Cadernos Saúde Coletiva 29:3, pages 376-386.
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Pavla Lôbo Rossiter, Lucas José de Alencar Danda, Maria Fernanda Pimentel, Danielle Cristine Almeida Silva de Santana & Fernando José Malagueño de Santana. (2020) A green analytical method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in oral fluids from crack smokers. Bioanalysis 12:24, pages 1711-1724.
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Keith Tsz-Kit Chan & Christina Marsack-Topolewski. (2019) Gender Differences in Adolescent Opioid Misuse and Major Depressive Episodes. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 37:4, pages 397-409.
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Maria Terezinha Zeferino, Vivian Costa Fermo, Marcelo Brandt Fialho, Akwatu Kenthi & Francisco Inácio Bastos. (2019) CRACK COCAINE USE SCENE IN THE CAPITAL OF THE STATE OF SANTA CATARINA/BRAZIL: THE (IN)VISIBILITY OF USERS. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem 28.
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Keith T. Chan & Jeffrey Trant. (2018) The Relationship of Psychological Distress and Living with Children and Adolescents for Adult Non-medical Prescription Opioid Users. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 35:4, pages 391-405.
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Ainslie J. Butler, Jürgen Rehm & Benedikt Fischer. (2017) Health outcomes associated with crack-cocaine use: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 180, pages 401-416.
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Silvia Bassani Schuch-Goi, Pedro Domingues Goi, Mariane Bermudez, Leticia Schwanck Fara, Félix Paim Kessler, Flavio Pechansky, Clarissa Severino Gama, Raffael Massuda & Lisia von Diemen. (2017) Accumbens volumes are reduced among crack-cocaine users. Neuroscience Letters 645, pages 86-89.
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Maria Terezinha Zeferino, Vivian Costa Fermo, Marcelo Brandt Fialho & Francisco Inácio Bastos. (2017) Semelhanças e contrastes nos padrões de uso de crack em Santa Catarina, Brasil: capital vs Meio Oeste. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 22:1, pages 97-106.
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Sahoo Saddichha, Gregory R. Werker, Christian Schuetz & Michael R. Krausz. (2014) Stimulants and Cannabis Use Among a Marginalized Population in British Columbia, Canada. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59:13, pages 1487-1498.
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Avelardo Valdez, Charles Kaplan, Kathryn M. Nowotny, Guillermina Natera-Rey & Alice Cepeda. (2015) Emerging patterns of crack use in Mexico City. International Journal of Drug Policy 26:8, pages 739-745.
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Joseph J. Palamar, Shelby Davies, Danielle C. Ompad, Charles M. Cleland & Michael Weitzman. (2015) Powder cocaine and crack use in the United States: An examination of risk for arrest and socioeconomic disparities in use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 149, pages 108-116.
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Sahoo Saddichha, Joelle M Fliers, Jim Frankish, Julian Somers, Christian G Schuetz & Michael R Krausz. (2014) Homeless and incarcerated: An epidemiological study from Canada. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 60:8, pages 795-800.
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Ibrahim Abu-Kishk, Baruch Klin & Gideon Eshel. (2012) Hemoptysis in Children. Pediatric Emergency Care 28:11, pages 1206-1210.
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Joana C.M. Narvaez, Pedro V.S. Magalhães, Elise K. Trindade, Daniel Chaves Vieira, Márcia Kauer-Sant'Anna, Clarissa S. Gama, Lisia von Diemen, Natália S. Kapczinski & Flavio Kapczinski. (2012) Childhood trauma, impulsivity, and executive functioning in crack cocaine users. Comprehensive Psychiatry 53:3, pages 238-244.
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Esther Papaseit, Xavier Joya, Marta Velasco, Ester Civit, Pau Mota, Marta Bertran, Oriol Vall & Oscar Garcia-Algar. (2011) Hair analysis following chronic smoked-drugs-of-abuse exposure in adults and their toddler: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports 5:1.
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Cristian Fabiano Guimarães, Daniela Vender Vieira dos Santos, Rodrigo Cavalari de Freitas & Renata Brasil Araujo. (2008) Perfil do usuário de crack e fatores relacionados à criminalidade em unidade de internação para desintoxicação no Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro de Porto Alegre (RS). Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul 30:2, pages 101-108.
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Mário Terra Filho, Chen Chin Yen, Ubiratan de Paula Santos & Daniel Romero Muñoz. (2004) Pulmonary alterations in cocaine users. Sao Paulo Medical Journal 122:1, pages 26-31.
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Miguel Ruiz Gómez, Teresa Catá Fábregas, Josep Lluís Moll, M. José & Pueyo Zurdoa. (2003) Cocaína e isquemia intestinal: aportación de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía. Cirugía Española 73:2, pages 136-137.
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Kevin Chen & Denise Kandel. (2002) Relationship between extent of cocaine use and dependence among adolescents and adults in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68:1, pages 65-85.
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Zila van der Meer Sanchez & Solange Aparecida Nappo. (2002) Seqüência de drogas consumidas por usuários de crack e fatores interferentes. Revista de Saúde Pública 36:4, pages 420-430.
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Amy M. Young, Carol Boyd & Amy Hubbell. (2000) Prostitution, Drug Use, and Coping with Psychological Distress. Journal of Drug Issues 30:4, pages 789-800.
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Michael L. Campsmith, Allyn K. Nakashima & Jeffrey L. Jones. (2000) Association Between Crack Cocaine Use and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors After HIV Diagnosis. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 25:2, pages 192-198.
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Michael L. Campsmith, Allyn K. Nakashima & Jeffrey L. Jones. (2000) Association Between Crack Cocaine Use and High-Risk Sexual Behaviors After HIV Diagnosis. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, pages 192-198.
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E. Müller & H. Liedloff. 2000. Spektrum psychiatrischer Arbeit. Spektrum psychiatrischer Arbeit 175 192 .
Lon R. Hays, David Farabee & Pukur Patel. (2016) Characteristics of Cocaine Users in a Private Inpatient Treatment Setting. Journal of Drug Education 29:2, pages 157-164.
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K. S. Kendler, L. Karkowski & C. A. Prescott. (2007) Hallucinogen, opiate, sedative and stimulant use and abuse in a population‐based sample of female twins. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99:5, pages 368-376.
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David J. Bird & James R. Markey. (1997) Massive Pulmonary Edema in a Habitual Crack Cocaine Smoker Not Chemically Positive for Cocaine at the Time of Surgery. Anesthesia & Analgesia 84:5, pages 1157-1159.
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Gayle Cocita Baldwin, Dawn M. Buckley, Michael D. Roth, Eric C. Kleerup & Donald P. Tashkin. (1997) Acute Activation of Circulating Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Following In Vivo Administration of Cocaine. Chest 111:3, pages 698-705.
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