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Acta Radiologica: Oncology Volume 19, 1980 - Issue 4
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Original Article

Electron and Photon Beams from a 50 MeV Racetrack Microtron

A. Brahme Departments of Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institutet, S-10401, Stockholm; University of Umeå, S-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
,
T. Kraepelien Departments of Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institutet, S-10401, Stockholm; University of Umeå, S-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
&
H. Svensson Departments of Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institutet, S-10401, Stockholm; University of Umeå, S-901 85, Umeå, Sweden
Pages 305-319 | Received 07 Dec 1979, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

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A. Shahzad, A. B. Phatangare, V. D. Bharud, M. S. Bhadane, C. D. Tahakik, B. J. Patil, S. S. Dahiwale, S. T. Chavan, S. N. Pethe, S. D. Dhole & V. N. Bhoraskar. (2017) Design and development of the 6–18 MeV electron beam system for medical and other applications. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 172:11-12, pages 931-951.
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A. Brahme. (1987) Design Principles and Clinical Possibilities with A New Generation of Radiation Therapy Equipment: A Review. Acta Oncologica 26:6, pages 403-412.
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A. Brahme & A. K. Argren. (1987) Optimal Dose Distribution for Eradication of Heterogeneous Tumors. Acta Oncologica 26:5, pages 377-385.
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A. Brahme & P. Andreo. (1986) Dosimetry and Quality Specification of High Energy Photon Beams. Acta Radiologica: Oncology 25:3, pages 213-223.
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A. Brahme. (1982) Physical and Biologic Aspects on the Optimum Choice of Radiation Modality. Acta Radiologica: Oncology 21:6, pages 469-479.
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A. Brahme, I. Lax & P. Andreo. (1981) Electron Beam Dose Planning Using Discrete Gaussian Beams: Mathematical background. Acta Radiologica: Oncology 20:2, pages 147-158.
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Maria Grazia Ronga, Marco Cavallone, Annalisa Patriarca, Amelia Maia Leite, Pierre Loap, Vincent Favaudon, Gilles Créhange & Ludovic De Marzi. (2021) Back to the Future: Very High-Energy Electrons (VHEEs) and Their Potential Application in Radiation Therapy. Cancers 13:19, pages 4942.
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Leon de Prez, Jacco de Pooter, Bartel Jansen, Thijs Perik & Frits Wittkämper. (2018) Comparison of k Q factors measured with a water calorimeter in flattening filter free (FFF) and conventional flattening filter (cFF) photon beams . Physics in Medicine & Biology 63:4, pages 045023.
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Geoff Budgell, Kirstie Brown, Jason Cashmore, Simon Duane, John Frame, Mark Hardy, David Paynter & Russell Thomas. (2016) IPEM topical report 1: guidance on implementing flattening filter free (FFF) radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 61:23, pages 8360-8394.
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Benedick A. Fraass, Avraham Eisbruch & Mary Feng. 2016. Clinical Radiation Oncology. Clinical Radiation Oncology 294 324.e5 .
Magdalena Bazalova‐Carter, Michael Liu, Bianey Palma, Michael Dunning, Doug McCormick, Erik Hemsing, Janice Nelson, Keith Jobe, Eric Colby, Albert C. Koong, Sami Tantawi, Valery Dolgashev, Peter G. Maxim & Billy W. LooJr.Jr.. (2015) Comparison of film measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of dose delivered with very high‐energy electron beams in a polystyrene phantom. Medical Physics 42:4, pages 1606-1613.
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A. Brahme. 2014. Comprehensive Biomedical Physics. Comprehensive Biomedical Physics 529 554 .
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Benedick A. Fraass, Shruti Jolly & Avraham Eisbruch. 2012. Clinical Radiation Oncology. Clinical Radiation Oncology 287 316 .
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Anders Brahme. 2012. Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy. Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy 219 251 .
Björn Andreassen, Roger Svensson, Rickard Holmberg, Håkan Danared & Anders Brahme. (2009) Development of an efficient scanning and purging magnet system for IMRT with narrow high energy photon beams. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 612:1, pages 201-208.
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Gabriele Kragl, Sacha af Wetterstedt, Barbara Knäusl, Mårten Lind, Patrick McCavana, Tommy Knöös, Brendan McClean & Dietmar Georg. (2009) Dosimetric characteristics of 6 and 10MV unflattened photon beams. Radiotherapy and Oncology 93:1, pages 141-146.
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M. P. Barnes & M. A. Ebert. (2008) Characterisation of mega-voltage electron pencil beam dose distributions: viability of a measurement-based approach. Australasian Physics & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 31:1, pages 10-17.
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Susanne Larsson, Roger Svensson, Irena Gudowska, Vladimir Ivanchenko & Anders Brahme. (2005) Radiation transport calculations for 50 MV photon therapy beam using the Monte Carlo code GEANT4. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 115:1-4, pages 503-507.
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R. Gahbauer, T. Landberg, J. Chavaudra, J. Dobbs, N. Gupta, G. Hanks, J.-C. Horiot, K.-A. Johansson, T. Möller, S. Naudy, J. Purdy, I. Santenac, N. Suntharalingam & H. Svensson. (2004) REFERENCES. Journal of the ICRU 4:1, pages 95-100.
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I. Gudowska, V.N. Ivanchenko, S. Larsson & B. Sorcini. (2004) Radiation transport calculations for beam therapy with Geant4 toolkit. Radiation transport calculations for beam therapy with Geant4 toolkit.
Peter Bj rk, Tommy Kn  s & Per Nilsson. (2002) Influence of initial electron beam characteristics on Monte Carlo calculated absorbed dose distributions for linear accelerator electron beams. Physics in Medicine and Biology 47:22, pages 4019-4041.
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Indrin J Chetty, Jean M Moran, Teamor S Nurushev, Daniel L McShan, Benedick A Fraass, Scott J Wilderman & Alex F Bielajew. (2002) Experimental validation of the DPM Monte Carlo code using minimally scattered electron beams in heterogeneous media. Physics in Medicine and Biology 47:11, pages 1837-1851.
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Y. Mejaddem, Dž. Belkić, A. Brahme & S. Hyödynmaa. (2002) Development of the electron transport theory and absorbed dose computation in matter. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 187:4, pages 499-524.
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Erik W Korevaar, Henk Huizenga, Johan Löf, Joep C Stroom, Jan Willem H Leer & Anders Brahme. (2002) Investigation of the added value of high-energy electrons in intensity-modulated radiotherapy: four clinical cases. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 52:1, pages 236-253.
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. (2001) Intensity-modulated radiotherapy: current status and issues of interest. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 51:4, pages 880-914.
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I. Gudowska, B. Sorcini & R. Svensson. 2001. Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications. Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications 317 322 .
C DesRosiers, V Moskvin, A F Bielajew & L Papiez. (2000) 150-250 MeV electron beams in radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 45:7, pages 1781-1805.
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Erik W Korevaar, Ben J M Heijmen, Evert Woudstra, Henk Huizenga & Anders Brahme. (1999) Mixing intensity modulated electron and photon beams: combining a steep dose fall-off at depth with sharp and depth-independent penumbras and flat beam profiles. Physics in Medicine and Biology 44:9, pages 2171-2181.
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Roger Svensson, Bengt Lind & Anders Brahme. (1998) Beam characteristics and clinical possibilities of a new compact treatment unit design combining narrow pencil beam scanning and segmental multileaf collimation. Medical Physics 25:12, pages 2358-2369.
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Erik W Korevaar, Remco J van Vliet, Evert Woudstra, Ben J.M Heijmen & Henk Huizenga. (1998) Sharpening the penumbra of high energy electron beams with low weight narrow photon beams. Radiotherapy and Oncology 48:2, pages 213-220.
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Michael Blomquist, Anders Sätherberg, Mikael Karlsson & Björn Zackrisson. (1998) Scanned intensity modulations for 50 MV photons. Physics in Medicine and Biology 43:5, pages 1185-1197.
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Eugene P. LiefPh.D.Ph.D., Yeh-Chi LoPh.D.Ph.D. & John L. HummPh.D.Ph.D.. (1998) Electron Wedges for Radiation Therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 40:1, pages 233-243.
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Mikael Karlsson & Björn Zackrisson. (1997) Exploration of new treatment modalities offered by high energy (up to 50 MeV) electrons and photons. Radiotherapy and Oncology 43:3, pages 303-309.
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B B Sorcini, S Hyödynmaa & A Brahme. (1996) The role of phantom and treatment head generated bremsstrahlung in high-energy electron beam dosimetry. Physics in Medicine and Biology 41:12, pages 2657-2677.
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Roger Svensson & Anders Brahme. (1996) Effective source size, yield and beam profile from multi-layered bremsstrahlung targets. Physics in Medicine and Biology 41:8, pages 1353-1379.
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A Tilikidis, B Lind, P Näfstadius & A Brahme. (1996) An estimation of the relative biological effectiveness of 50 MV bremsstrahlung beams by microdosimetric techniques. Physics in Medicine and Biology 41:1, pages 55-69.
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J. Rassow. 1996. Strahlentherapie. Strahlentherapie 13 79 .
Benedick A. Fraass, Daniel L. McShan, Marc L. Kessler, Gwynne M. Matrone, James D. Lewis & Tamar A. Weaver. (1995) A computer-controlled conformal radiotherapy system I: Overview. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 33:5, pages 1139-1157.
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B B Sorcini, P Andreo, A F Bielajew, S Hyodynmaa & A Brahme. (1995) An improved energy-range relationship for high-energy electron beams based on multiple accurate experimental and Monte Carlo data sets. Physics in Medicine and Biology 40:7, pages 1135-1159.
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Arthur L. Boyer. (1995) Present and future developments in radiotherapy treatment units. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 5:2, pages 146-155.
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Benedick A. Fraass, Daniel L. McShan & Marc L. Kessler. (1995) Computer-controlled treatment delivery. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 5:2, pages 77-85.
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B B Sorcini & A Brahme. (1994) An accurate energy-range relationship for high-energy electron beams in arbitrary materials. Physics in Medicine and Biology 39:5, pages 795-811.
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M.E. Masterson, G.S. Mageras, T. Losasso, E. Joreskog, L.G. Larsson, B. Tsirakis, R. Febo, R. Mohan, C.C. Ling, S.A. Leibel, Z. Fuks & G.J. Kutcher. (1994) Preclinical evaluation of the reliability of a 50 MeV racetrack microtron. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 28:5, pages 1219-1227.
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Luo Zhengming & Anders Brahme. (1992) High-energy electron transport. Physical Review B 46:24, pages 15739-15752.
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B K Lind & A Brahme. (1992) Photon field quantities and units for kernel based radiation therapy planning and treatment optimization. Physics in Medicine and Biology 37:4, pages 891-909.
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Bengt K. Lind & Patric Källman. (1990) Experimental verification of an algorithm for inverse radiation therapy planning. Radiotherapy and Oncology 17:4, pages 359-368.
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Anders Brahme. (1988) Optimization of stationary and moving beam radiation therapy techniques. Radiotherapy and Oncology 12:2, pages 129-140.
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Peter J. Biggs. (1987) Review of the improvements in the quality and applications of photon beams from linear accelerators in radiation therapy and a projection of future trends. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 24-25, pages 1096-1099.
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Anders Brahme, Bengt Lind & Peder Näfstadius. (1987) Radiotherapeutic computed tomography with scanned photon beams. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 13:1, pages 95-101.
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Hans Svensson & Anders Brahme. 1986. Radiation Dosimetry. Radiation Dosimetry 87 170 .
Peder Näfstadius, Anders Brahme & Bo Nordell. (1984) Computer assisted dosimetry of scanned electron and photon beams for radiation therapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology 2:3, pages 261-269.
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B Nordell & A Brahme. (1984) Angular distribution and yield from bremsstrahlung targets (for radiation therapy). Physics in Medicine and Biology 29:7, pages 797-810.
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A. Brahme, J. Eenmaa, S. Lindbäck, A. Montelius & P. Wootton. (1983) Neutron beam characteristics from 50 MeV protons on beryllium using a continuously variable multi-leaf collimator. Radiotherapy and Oncology 1:1, pages 65-76.
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Bo Nordell, Udet Wagenbach & Ernst Ludwig Sattler. (1982) Production of 123I by photonuclear reactions on Xenon. The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 33:3, pages 183-187.
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A. Brahme & D. Reistad. (1981) Microtrons for Electron and Photon Radiotherapy. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 28:2, pages 1880-1883.
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A Brahme, A Montelius, B Nordell, M Reuthal & H Svensson. (1980) Investigation of the possibility of using photoneutron beams for radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine and Biology 25:6, pages 1111-1120.
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