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Original Article

The Therapeutic Community: Success and Improvement Rates 5 Years after Treatment

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Pages 703-747 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

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Read on this site (45)

Kimberly A. Houser, Brandy L. Blasko & Steven Belenko. (2014) The effects of treatment exposure on prison misconduct for female prisoners with substance use, mental health, and co-occurring disorders. Criminal Justice Studies 27:1, pages 43-62.
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Knowlton W. Johnson, Linda Young, Stephen Shamblen, Geetha Suresh, Thom Browne & Khun Warunee Chookhare. (2012) Evaluation of the Therapeutic Community Treatment Model in Thailand: Policy Implications for Compulsory and Prison-Based Treatment. Substance Use & Misuse 47:8-9, pages 889-909.
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David McCartney. (2011) LEAP and the Recovery Community in Edinburgh. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery 6:1-2, pages 60-75.
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JenniferP. Wisdom, Kim Hoffman, Elke Rechberger, Kay Seim & Betta Owens. (2008) Women–Focused Treatment Agencies and Process Improvement: Strategies to Increase Client Engagement. Women & Therapy 32:1, pages 69-87.
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Javier Fernández-Montalvo, José J. López-Goñi, Cristina Illescas, Natalia Landa & Iñaki Lorea. (2008) Evaluation of a Therapeutic Community Treatment Program: A Long-Term Follow-up Study in Spain. Substance Use & Misuse 43:10, pages 1362-1377.
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Sam Schildhaus. (2002) HOW DO SUBSTANCE “ABUSE” PROVIDERS GET INFORMATION TO IMPROVE TREATMENT?. Substance Use & Misuse 37:8-10, pages 1089-1091.
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Nancy Jainchill, Josephine Hawke, George De Leon & John Yagelka. (2000) Adolescents in Therapeutic Communities: One-Year Posttreatment Outcomes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 32:1, pages 81-94.
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Sam Schildhaus, Dean Gerstein, Angela Brittingham, Felicia Cerbone & Bernard Dugoni. (2000) Services Research Outcomes Study: Overview of Drug Treatment Population and Outcomes. Substance Use & Misuse 35:12-14, pages 1849-1877.
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HarryK. Wexler, Mary Cuadrado & SallyJ. Stevens. (1998) Residential Treatment for Women: Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes. Drugs & Society 13:1-2, pages 213-233.
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Richard C. Rapp, Harvey A. Siegal, Li Li & Pranjit Saha. (1998) Predicting Postprimary Treatment Services and Drug Use Outcome: A Multivariate Analysis. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 24:4, pages 603-615.
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D. Incorvaia & S. Baldwin. (1997) Drugs behind bars (part II): a multidimensional approach to correctional services settings. Journal of Substance Misuse 2:3, pages 136-143.
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Stanley Sacks, JoAnn Sacks, George De Leon, Allen I. Bernhardt & Graham L. Staines. (1997) Modified Therapeutic Community for Mentally Ill Chemical “Abusers”: Background; Influences; Program Description; Preliminary Findings. Substance Use & Misuse 32:9, pages 1217-1259.
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David C Bell, Alan J Richard & Cheryl A Dayton. (1996) Effect of Drug User Treatment on Psychosocial Change: A Comparison of In-Treatment and Out-of-Treatment Cocaine Users. Substance Use & Misuse 31:9, pages 1083-1100.
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Amelia C. M Roberts & Robert H. Nishimoto. (1996) Predicting Treatment Retention of Women Dependent on Cocaine. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 22:3, pages 313-333.
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AmieL. Nielsen & FrankR. Scarpitti. (1995) Argot use in a therapeutic community. Deviant Behavior 16:3, pages 245-267.
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Danica Kalling Knight, David R. Cross, Jean Giles-sims & D. Dwayne Simpson. (1995) Psychosocial Functioning among Adult Drug Users: The Role of Parental Absence, Support, and Conflict. International Journal of the Addictions 30:10, pages 1271-1288.
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HarryK. Wexler. (1995) The Success of Therapeutic Communities for Substance Abusers in American Prisons. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 27:1, pages 57-66.
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Jody Lauren Bleiberg, Peter Devlin, Jerry Croan & Raymond Briscoe. (1994) Relationship between Treatment Length and Outcome in a Therapeutic Community. International Journal of the Addictions 29:6, pages 729-740.
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Ward S. Condelli. (1994) Domains of Variables for Understanding and Improving Retention in Therapeutic Communities. International Journal of the Addictions 29:5, pages 593-607.
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WardS. Condelli & GeorgeH. Dunteman. (1993) Issues to Consider When Predicting Retention in Therapeutic Communities. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 25:3, pages 239-244.
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Randy R Gainey, Elizabeth A Wells, J David Hawkins & Richard F Catalano. (1993) Predicting Treatment Retention among Cocaine Users. International Journal of the Addictions 28:6, pages 487-505.
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Timothy Lewis Francis. (1992) Shangri-la Revisited: An Exploration of Therapeutic Efficacy among Intentional Communities. International Journal of the Addictions 27:4, pages 455-475.
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Shane Darke. (1992) The measurement of outcome in opiate treatment evaluation studies. Drug and Alcohol Review 11:2, pages 169-174.
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George De Leon. (1991) Aftercare in Therapeutic Communities. International Journal of the Addictions 25:sup9, pages 1225-1237.
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Margaret T. Williams & Cleora S. Roberts. (1991) Predicting Length of Stay in Long-Term Treatment for Chemically Dependent Females. International Journal of the Addictions 26:5, pages 605-613.
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John Jay Rouse. (1991) Evaluation Research on Prison-Based Drug Treatment Programs and Some Policy Implications. International Journal of the Addictions 26:1, pages 29-44.
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Eric Griffin‐Shelley, KennethR. Sandier & Rebecca Park Cameron. (1991) A follow‐up study of dually diagnosed (chemically dependent) adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Chemical Dependency 2:1, pages 1-11.
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Herbert D. Kleber. (1989) Treatment of Drug Dependence: What Works. International Review of Psychiatry 1:1-2, pages 81-99.
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Elizabeth A. Wells, J. David Hawkins & Richard F. Catalano. (1988) Choosing Drug Use Measures for Treatment Outcome Studies. II. Timing Baseline and Follow-up Measurement. International Journal of the Addictions 23:8, pages 875-885.
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Elizabeth A. Wells, J. David Hawkins & Richard F. Catalano. (1988) Choosing Drug Use Measures for Treatment Outcome Studies. I. The Influence of Measurement Approach on Treatment Results. International Journal of the Addictions 23:8, pages 851-873.
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Richard C. Page & Sam Mitchell. (1988) The Effects of Two Therapeutic Communities on Illicit Drug Users Between 6 Months and 1 Year After Treatment. International Journal of the Addictions 23:6, pages 591-601.
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JamesL. Sorensen, Alfonso Acampora, Mella Trier & Marc Gold. (1987) From Maintenance to Abstinence in a Therapeutic Community: Follow-up Outcomes. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 19:4, pages 345-351.
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Sam Mitchell, Richard C. Page & Virginia Morris. (1987) Changes in Treatment-Related Concepts of Illicit Drug Abusers Related to Time in Treatment in Two Residential Treatment Programs. International Journal of the Addictions 22:9, pages 885-894.
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Margaret Allison & Robert L. Hubbard. (1985) Drug Abuse Treatment Process: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of the Addictions 20:9, pages 1321-1345.
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George De Leon. (1985) The Therapeutic Community: Status and Evolution. International Journal of the Addictions 20:6-7, pages 823-844.
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Richard C. Page, Sam Mitchell & Virginia Morris. (1985) Changes in Self-Perceptions of Illicit Drug Abusers Related to Time in Treatment in Two Residential Treatment Programs. International Journal of the Addictions 20:11-12, pages 1741-1750.
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JamesL. Sorensen, Alphonso Acampora & Dana Iscoff. (1984) From Maintenance to Abstinence in a Therapeutic Community: Clinical Treatment Methods. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 16:3, pages 229-240.
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George De Leon & Steven Schwartz. (1984) Therapeutic Communities: What Are the Retention Rates?. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 10:2, pages 267-284.
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James L. Sorensen, David A. Deitch & Alfonso Acampora. (1984) Treatment Collaboration of Methadone Maintenance Programs and Therapeutic Communities. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 10:3, pages 347-359.
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Margaret A. Patterson, Jean Firth & Richard Gardiner. (1984) Treatment of Prog, Alcohol and Nicotine Addictiok Bt Neuroelectric therapy: Analysis of Resplts Over 7 Years. Journal of Bioelectricity 3:1-2, pages 193-221.
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JamesL. Sorensen, AlfonsoP. Acampora & DavidA. Deitch. (1984) From Maintenance to Abstinence in a Therapeutic Community: Preliminary Results. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 16:1, pages 73-77.
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DavidA. Deitch & Joan Ellen Zweben. (1984) Coercion in the Therapeutic Community. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 16:1, pages 35-41.
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George de Leon & Nancy Jainchill. (1981) Male and Female Drug Abusers: Social and Psychological Status 2 Years after Treatment in a Therapeutic Community. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 8:4, pages 465-497.
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Articles from other publishers (58)

Keith L. Warren. 2023. The Therapeutic Community. The Therapeutic Community 55 69 .
Benjamin Campbell, Keith Warren, Mackenzie Weiler & George De Leon. (2021) Eigenvector centrality defines hierarchy and predicts graduation in therapeutic community units. PLOS ONE 16:12, pages e0261405.
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Keith Warren, Benjamin Campbell, Skyler Cranmer, George De Leon, Nathan Doogan, Mackenzie Weiler & Fiona Doherty. (2020) Building the community: Endogenous network formation, homophily and prosocial sorting among therapeutic community residents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 207, pages 107773.
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Benjamin W. Campbell, Skyler Cranmer, Nathan Doogan & Keith Warren. (2019) Relationship between network clustering in a therapeutic community and reincarceration following discharge. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 97, pages 14-20.
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Lucas Wiessing, Marica Ferri, Shane Darke, Roland Simon & Paul Griffiths. (2017) Large variation in measures used to assess outcomes of opioid dependence treatment: A systematic review of longitudinal observational studies. Drug and Alcohol Review 37:S1.
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Benjamin W. Campbell, Skyler Cranmer, Carole Harvey & Keith Warren. (2018) Therapeutic community graduates cluster together in social networks: Evidence for spatial selection as a cooperative mechanism in therapeutic communities. Addictive Behaviors 79, pages 74-80.
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Helena Gosling. (2016) Payment by results: Challenges and conflicts for the Therapeutic Community. Criminology & Criminal Justice 16:5, pages 519-533.
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Wallace Mandell, Victor Lidz & James J. Dahl. (2015) Experimental evaluation of a vocationally integrated therapeutic community. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 36:3, pages 173-185.
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Willm Mistral & Stephen Wilkinson. 2013. Emerging Perspectives on Substance Misuse. Emerging Perspectives on Substance Misuse 187 205 .
Karis M. Gholab & Lynne E. Magor‐Blatch. (2013) Predictors of retention in “transitional” rehabilitation: dynamic versus static client variables. Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 34:1, pages 16-28.
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Keith Warren, Danielle Hiance, Nathan Doogan, George De Leon & Gary Phillips. (2013) Verbal feedback in therapeutic communities: pull-ups and reciprocated pull-ups as predictors of graduation. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 44:4, pages 361-368.
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Amy Cohn & Kim T. Mueser. 2012. Alcohol‐Related Violence. Alcohol‐Related Violence 249 283 .
Stanley Sacks, Michael Chaple, JoAnn Y. Sacks, Karen McKendrick & Charles M. Cleland. (2012) Randomized trial of a reentry modified therapeutic community for offenders with co-occurring disorders: Crime outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 42:3, pages 247-259.
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Kimberly A. Houser, Christopher Salvatore & Wayne N. Welsh. (2012) Individual-Level Predictors of Community Aftercare Completion. The Prison Journal 92:1, pages 106-124.
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George De Leon. 2010. Clinical Addiction Psychiatry. Clinical Addiction Psychiatry 61 71 .
T. NORDFJÃRN, T. RUNDMO & R. HOLE. (2010) Treatment and recovery as perceived by patients with substance addiction. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 17:1, pages 46-64.
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Michel Landry, Serge Brochu, Louise Nadeau, Natacha Brunelle, Jacques Bergeron, Louis-Georges Cournoyer & Joël Tremblay. (2010) Quinze années de recherche au RISQ : bilan des connaissances sur l’impact des traitements. Drogues, santé et société 8:2, pages 187-231.
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Knowlton Johnson, Zhenfeng Pan, Linda Young, Jude Vanderhoff, Steve Shamblen, Thom Browne, Ken Linfield & Geetha Suresh. (2008) Therapeutic community drug treatment success in Peru: a follow-up outcome study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 3:1.
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Sarah E. Zemore & Lee Ann Kaskutas. (2008) Services received and treatment outcomes in day-hospital and residential programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 35:3, pages 232-244.
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Myriam Cassen & Jean-Michel Delile. 2007. Thérapies multifamiliales. Thérapies multifamiliales 205 246 .
Nancy Jainchill. 2009. Adolescent Substance Abuse. Adolescent Substance Abuse 313 332 .
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D. Dwayne Simpson. (2004) A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27:2, pages 99-121.
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D.Dwayne Simpson & George W. Joe. (2004) A longitudinal evaluation of treatment engagement and recovery stages. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 27:2, pages 89-97.
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Stanley Sacks, JoAnn Y. Sacks, Karen McKendrick, Steven Banks & Joe Stommel. (2004) Modified TC for MICA offenders: crime outcomes. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 22:4, pages 477-501.
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Veerle Soyez & Eric Broekaert. (2003) How do substance abusers and their significant others experience the re‐entry phase of therapeutic community treatment: a qualitative study 1 . International Journal of Social Welfare 12:3, pages 211-220.
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Knowlton W. Johnson, Linda C. Young, Geetha Suresh & Michael L. Berbaum. (2016) Drug Abuse Treatment Training in Peru. Evaluation Review 26:5, pages 480-519.
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Agustín Madoz-Gúrpide, Enriqueta Ochoa & Enrique Baca-García. (2002) Revisión de la efectividad de los programas de mantenimiento con naltrexona: parámetros de evaluación, perfiles de indicación y factores asociados. Medicina Clínica 119:9, pages 351-355.
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George De Leon, Josephine Hawke, Nancy Jainchill & Gerald Melnick. (2000) Therapeutic communities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19:4, pages 375-382.
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Jennifer R. Mertens & Constance M. Weisner. (2000) Predictors of Substance Abuse Treatment Retention Among Women and Men in an HMO. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24:10, pages 1525-1533.
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Michelle A Lang & Steven Belenko. (2000) Predicting retention in a residential drug treatment alternative to prison program. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19:2, pages 145-160.
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