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Prehospital Emergency Care Volume 17, 2013 - Issue 1
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Research Article

The 60-Day Temperature-Dependent Degradation of Midazolam and Lorazepam in the Prehospital Environment

Jason T. McMullanFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.Correspondence[email protected]
, MD,
Ashley PinnawinFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, BS,
Elizabeth JonesFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, MD,
Kurt DenninghoffFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, MD,
Nicholas SiewartFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, BA,
Daniel W. SpaiteFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, MD,
Erin ZaleskiFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, MA &
Robert SilbergleitFrom the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati (JTM), Cincinnati, Ohio; Wayne State University, College of Medicine (AP), Detroit, Michigan; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (EJ), Houston, Texas; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Arizona Emergency Medicine Research Center, University of Arizona (KD, DWS), Tucson, Arizona; and the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan (NS, EZ, RS), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
, MD, on behalf of the Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials investigators show all
Pages 1-7 | Received 16 Apr 2012, Accepted 29 Jun 2012, Published online: 13 Nov 2012

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Madeline J. Foertsch, Jason T. McMullan, Nicole J. Harger, Dario Rodriquez$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Ann Salvator, Eric W. Mueller PharmD & Christopher A. Droege. (2022) Ketamine Stability over Six Months of Exposure to Moderate and High Temperature Environments. Prehospital Emergency Care 26:3, pages 422-427.
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Jason McMullan, Christopher Droege, Richard Strilka, Kimberly Hart & Christopher Lindsell. (2021) Intranasal Ketamine as an Adjunct to Fentanyl for the Prehospital Treatment of Acute Traumatic Pain: Design and Rationale of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Prehospital Emergency Care 25:4, pages 519-529.
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William Bradley Weir, Linda Y. Fred, Matthew Pike, Stanislav S. Rubakhin, Tyler J. Ludwig, Ashley M. Shar, Lingyang Zhu, Ann Frederick, Ike Uzoaru, Lin Wang & Jonathan V. Sweedler. (2018) Expired Epinephrine Maintains Chemical Concentration and Sterility. Prehospital Emergency Care 22:4, pages 414-418.
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Patil Armenian, Danielle Campagne, Geoff Stroh, Crystal Ives Tallman, William Z. D. Zeng, Thomas Lin & Roy R. Gerona. (2017) Hot and Cold Drugs: National Park Service Medication Stability at the Extremes of Temperature. Prehospital Emergency Care 21:3, pages 378-385.
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Brian M. Clemency, Jamie A. Ott, Christopher T. Tanski, Joseph A. Bart & Heather A. Lindstrom. (2015) Parenteral Midazolam Is Superior to Diazepam for Treatment of Prehospital Seizures. Prehospital Emergency Care 19:2, pages 218-223.
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Ellen Schenk, Gamunu Wijetunge, N. Clay Mann, E. Brooke Lerner, Anders Longthorne & Drew Dawson. (2014) Epidemiology of Mass Casualty Incidents in the United States. Prehospital Emergency Care 18:3, pages 408-416.
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Jason T. McMullan, Elizabeth Jones, Bruce Barnhart, Kurt Denninghoff, Daniel Spaite, Erin Zaleski & Robert Silbergleit. (2014) Degradation of Benzodiazepines after 120 Days of EMS Deployment. Prehospital Emergency Care 18:3, pages 368-374.
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Emily Henkel, Rebecca Vella & Andrew Fenning. (2020) The Effect of High Storage Temperature on the Stability and Efficacy of Lyophilized Tenecteplase. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35:5, pages 501-507.
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Wenke Grönheit, Stoyan Popkirov, Tim Wehner, Uwe Schlegel & Jörg Wellmer. (2018) Practical Management of Epileptic Seizures and Status Epilepticus in Adult Palliative Care Patients. Frontiers in Neurology 9.
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Eric C. Silverman, Karl A. Sporer, Justin M. Lemieux, John F. Brown, Kristi L. Koenig, Marianne Gausche-Hill, Eric M. Rudnick, Angelo A. Salvucci & Greg H. Gilbert. (2017) Prehospital Care for the Adult and Pediatric Seizure Patient: Current Evidence-based Recommendations. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine 18:3, pages 419-436.
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A.C. van der Vossen, I. van der Velde, O.S.N.M. Smeets, D.J. Postma, M. Eckhardt, A. Vermes, B.C.P. Koch, A.G. Vulto & L.M. Hanff. (2017) Formulating a poorly water soluble drug into an oral solution suitable for paediatric patients; lorazepam as a model drug. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 100, pages 205-210.
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Jeff D. Ondrak, Meredyth L. Jones & Virginia R. Fajt. (2015) Temperatures of storage areas in large animal veterinary practice vehicles in the summer and comparison with drug manufacturers’ storage recommendations. BMC Veterinary Research 11:1.
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Samantha Lissauer, Julia Kenny, Oliver Jefferis, Tom Wingfield, Anne Miller, George Chagaluka, Linda Kalilani-Phiri & Elizabeth Molyneux. (2015) Buccal, intranasal or intravenous lorazepam for the treatment of acute convulsions in children in Malawi: An open randomized trial. African Journal of Emergency Medicine 5:3, pages 120-126.
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Rachel Rogalski & Andrew Rogalski. (2015) Benzodiazepine Selection in the Management of Status Epilepticus. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal 37:2, pages 83-94.
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Robert Silbergleit & M. Kay Vonderschmidt. 2014. Prehospital Care of Neurologic Emergencies. Prehospital Care of Neurologic Emergencies 39 62 .
Robert Silbergleit, Daniel Lowenstein, Valerie Durkalski & Robin Conwit. (2013) Lessons from the RAMPART study-and which is the best route of administration of benzodiazepines in status epilepticus. Epilepsia 54, pages 74-77.
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