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Research Article

The Neurotoxicity of Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in a Child: A Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation

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Pages 305-319 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

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Gunda Reddy, Nicole A. Allen & Michael A. Major. (2008) Absorption of 14C-Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) from Soils through Excised Human Skin. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 18:7, pages 575-579.
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James O.J. Davies, Darren M. Roberts, Ariyasena Hittarage$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Nick A. Buckley$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2007) Oral C-4 plastic explosive in humans – A case series. Clinical Toxicology 45:5, pages 454-457.
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François Testud, Jean-Maurice Glanclaude & Jacques Descotes. (1996) Acute Hexogen Poisoning After Occupational Exposure. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 34:1, pages 109-111.
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RobertC. James, StephenM. Roberts & StephenM. Roberts. (1994) Evaluation of the Adequacy of the Threshold Limit Value for Cyclonite. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9:7, pages 485-492.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

Sofianos Kyriakidis. 2003. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology 1 74 .
Paige C. Mundy, Alicia Werner, Latika Singh, Vikrant Singh, Rosalia Mendieta, Caitlyn E. Patullo, Heike Wulff & Pamela J. Lein. (2023) Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) causes seizure activity in larval zebrafish via antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor α1β2γ2. Archives of Toxicology 97:5, pages 1355-1365.
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Xi Zhang, Zhuoling An, Yali Lv, Guangrun Li, Lihong Liu & Pengfei Li. (2022) Simultaneous Determination of RDX and HMX in Rat Plasma by LC-MS/MS and its Applications. Frontiers in Chemistry 10.
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Vivek Jagadeesan Sharavanan, Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan, N. Sivarajasekar, N. Senthilrani, Ram Kothandan, Nirajan Dhakal, S. Sivamani, Pau Loke Show, Md. Rabiul Awual & Mu. Naushad. (2019) Pollutants inducing epigenetic changes and diseases. Environmental Chemistry Letters 18:2, pages 325-343.
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Pamela L. Sheehan, Ratchell Sadovnik, Jerome J. Kukor & Joan W. Bennett. (2020) Meta-analysis of RDX biotransformation rate by bacteria and fungi. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 146, pages 104814.
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Sindhura Ramasahayam, Sridhar Jaligama, Sahar M. Atwa, Joshua T. Salley, Marissa Thongdy, Benny L. Blaylock & Sharon A. Meyer. (2017) Megakaryocyte expansion and macrophage infiltration in bone marrow of rats subchronically treated with MNX, N-nitroso environmental degradation product of munitions compound RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine). Journal of Applied Toxicology 37:8, pages 913-921.
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Candace Lippoli Doepker. 2001. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology.
Neerja Srivastava. 2015. Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation 265 278 .
Sridhar Jaligama, Vijay M. Kale, Mitchell S. Wilbanks, Edward J. Perkins & Sharon A. Meyer. (2013) Delayed myelosuppression with acute exposure to hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and environmental degradation product hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 266:3, pages 443-451.
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. 2004. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
Jerald L. Ovesen. 2001. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology 1 50 .
Lisa M. Sweeney, Chester P. GutJr.Jr., Michael L. Gargas, Gunda Reddy, Larry R. Williams & Mark S. Johnson. (2012) Assessing the non-cancer risk for RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 62:1, pages 107-114.
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Larry R. Williams, Keith Wong, Adam Stewart, Christopher Suciu, Siddharth Gaikwad, Nadine Wu, John DiLeo, Leah Grossman, Jonathan Cachat, Peter Hart & Allan V. Kalueff. (2012) Behavioral and physiological effects of RDX on adult zebrafish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 155:1, pages 33-38.
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Rita Singh & Antaryami Singh. 2012. Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics. Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics 235 261 .
Elizabeth L. Rylott, Maria V. Budarina, Ann Barker, Astrid Lorenz, Stuart E. Strand & Neil C. Bruce. (2011) Engineering plants for the phytoremediation of RDX in the presence of the co-contaminating explosive TNT. New Phytologist 192:2, pages 405-413.
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Larry R. Williams, Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska, Felicia Qashu, Huckelberry Finne, Volodymyr Pidoplichko, Desmond I. Bannon & Maria F. M. Braga. (2011) RDX Binds to the GABA A Receptor–Convulsant Site and Blocks GABA A Receptor–Mediated Currents in the Amygdala: A Mechanism for RDX-Induced Seizures . Environmental Health Perspectives 119:3, pages 357-363.
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D?bora R.S. Lima, Marcio L.S. Bezerra, Eduardo B. Neves & F?tima R. Moreira. (2011) Impact of ammunition and military explosives on human health and the environment. Reviews on Environmental Health 26:2.
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Elizabeth L. Rylott, Rosamond G. Jackson, Federico Sabbadin, Helena M.B. Seth-Smith, James Edwards, Chun Shiong Chong, Stuart E. Strand, Gideon Grogan & Neil C. Bruce. (2011) The explosive-degrading cytochrome P450 XplA: Biochemistry, structural features and prospects for bioremediation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1814:1, pages 230-236.
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Jennifer A.H. Anderson, Jaclyn E. Cañas, Monique K. Long, John C. Zak & Stephen B. Cox. (2010) Bacterial community dynamics in high and low bioavailability soils following laboratory exposure to a range of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine concentrations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 29:1, pages 38-44.
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Natàlia Garcia-Reyero, Helen C. Poynton, Alan J. Kennedy, Xin Guan, B. Lynn Escalon, Bonnie Chang, Julia Varshavsky, Alex V. Loguinov, Chris D. Vulpe & Edward J. Perkins. (2009) Biomarker Discovery and Transcriptomic Responses in Daphnia magna exposed to Munitions Constituents . Environmental Science & Technology 43:11, pages 4188-4193.
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Elizabeth L. Rylott & Neil C. Bruce. (2009) Plants disarm soil: engineering plants for the phytoremediation of explosives. Trends in Biotechnology 27:2, pages 73-81.
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Edward J Perkins, Wenjun Bao, Xin Guan, Choo-Yaw Ang, Russell D Wolfinger, Tzu-Ming Chu, Sharon A Meyer & Laura S Inouye. (2006) Comparison of transcriptional responses in liver tissue and primary hepatocyte cell cultures after exposure to hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine. BMC Bioinformatics 7:S4.
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Edward J. Perkins, Wenjun Bao, Xin Guan, Choo-Yaw Ang, Russell D. Wolfinger, Tzu-Ming Chu, Ping Gong, Sharon A. Meyer & Laura Inouye. (2006) Comparison of Gene Expression Effects in Liver Tissue and Primary Hepatocyte Cell Cultures After Exposure to Hexahydro-1, 3, 5Trinitro-1, 3, 5-Triazine. Comparison of Gene Expression Effects in Liver Tissue and Primary Hepatocyte Cell Cultures After Exposure to Hexahydro-1, 3, 5Trinitro-1, 3, 5-Triazine.
Bharat Bhushan, Annamaria Halasz & Jalal Hawari. (2005) Biotransformation of CL-20 by a dehydrogenase enzyme from Clostridium sp. EDB2. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 69:4, pages 448-455.
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Sharon A. Meyer, Adam J. Marchand, Jennifer L. Hight, George H. Roberts, Lynn B. Escalon, Laura S. Inouye & Denise K. MacMillan. (2005) Up-and-down procedure (UDP) determinations of acute oral toxicity of nitroso degradation products of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Journal of Applied Toxicology 25:5, pages 427-434.
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. 2004. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
Bharat Bhushan, Annamaria Halasz, Jim C. Spain & Jalal Hawari. (2004) Initial Reaction(s) in Biotransformation of CL-20 Is Catalyzed by Salicylate 1-Monooxygenase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain ATCC 29352 . Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70:7, pages 4040-4047.
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Bharat Bhushan, Annamaria Halasz, Sonia Thiboutot, Guy Ampleman & Jalal Hawari. (2004) Chemotaxis-mediated biodegradation of cyclic nitramine explosives RDX, HMX, and CL-20 by Clostridium sp. EDB2. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 316:3, pages 816-821.
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Gül Özhan, Sibel Topuz & Buket Alpertunga. (2003) Determination of cyclonite (RDX) in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Il Farmaco 58:6, pages 445-448.
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Yaşar KüçükardalI, H. Volkan Acar, Sezai Özkan, Selim Nalbant, Yusuf Yazgan, E. Murat Atasoyu, Özcan Keskin, Alişan Naz, Nevzat Akyatan, Merih Gökben & Mehmet Danaci. (2016) Accidental Oral Poisoning Caused by Rdx (Cyclonite): A Report of 5 Cases. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 18:1, pages 42-46.
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Candace Lippoli Doepker. 2001. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology.
Beverly Harrell-Bruder & Keith L Hutchins. (1995) Seizures Caused by Ingestion of Composition C-4. Annals of Emergency Medicine 26:6, pages 746-748.
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Melissa A. McDiarmid & Virginia Weaver. (2007) Fouling one's own nest revisited. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 24:1, pages 1-9.
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Elizabeth L. Etnier. (1989) Water quality criteria for hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 9:2, pages 147-157.
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Charles P. Turley & Marge A. Brewster. (1987) Liquid chromatographic analysis of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine in biological fluids using solid-phase extraction. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 421, pages 430-433.
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