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Main Article

Diagnosis of Pneumococcal Pneumonia: A Comparison between Microscopic Examination of Expectorate, Antigen Detection and Cultural Procedures

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Pages 247-255 | Published online: 02 Jan 2015

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Niclas Johansson, Mats Kalin & Jonas Hedlund. (2011) Clinical impact of combined viral and bacterial infection in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 43:8, pages 609-615.
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Christer Lidman, Lars G Burman, Åsa Lagergren & Åke Örtqvist. (2002) Limited Value of Routine Microbiological Diagnostics in Patients Hospitalized for Community-acquired Pneumonia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 34:12, pages 873-879.
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Yvette Holloway, Willem G. Boersma, Henriëtte Kuttschrütter & Jan A. M. Snijder. (1993) Detection of Pneumococcal Capsular Antigen in the Presence of Penicillin In Vitro. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 25:3, pages 317-322.
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Wim G. Boersma, Alfred Löwenberg, Yvette Holloway, Henriëtte Kuttschrütter, Jan A. M. Snijder & Gerard H. Koëter. (1993) The Role of Antigen Detection in Pneumococcal Carriers: A Comparison between Cultures and Capsular Antigen Detection in Upper Respiratory Tract Secretions. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 25:1, pages 51-56.
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C. Hemlin, A. Brauner, C. Carenfelt & B. Wretlind. (1991) Nasopharyngeal Flora in Otitis Media with Effusion: a Comparative Semiquantitative Analysis. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 111:3, pages 556-561.
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Tom Bergan & Carl Erik Nord. (1989) Antimicrobial Prophylaxis: Proceedings of the Symposium on Antimicrobial Prophylaxis. Oslo, May 4–5, 1990. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 21:sup70, pages 1-160.
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Kyösti Lehtomäki. (1988) Rapid Etiological Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Young Men. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 20:sup54, pages 1-329.
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Åke Örtqvist, Arne Grepe, Inger Julander & Mats Kalin. (1988) Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Sweden: Clinical Course and Outcome and Comparison with Non-bacteremic Pneumococcal and Mycoplasmal Pneumonias. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 20:2, pages 163-171.
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Hans Holmberg. (1987) Aetiology of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Hospital Treated Patients. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19:5, pages 491-501.
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Háns Fredlund, Lennart Bodin, Erik Bäck, Hans Holmberg, Aud Krook & Hans Rydman. (1987) Antibiotic Therapy in Pneumonia: A Comparative Study of Parenteral and Oral Administration of Penicillin. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 19:4, pages 459-466.
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Mats Kalin & Alf A. Lindberg. (1985) Antibody Response against the Type Specific Capsular Polysaccharide in Pneumococcal Pneumonia Measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 17:1, pages 25-32.
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Amalio Telenti & Pilar Suarez Leiva. (1984) Persistence of Pneumococcal Antigens in Sputum after Treatment of Pneumonia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 16:3, pages 323-324.
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Guma M.K. Abdeldaim, Kristoffer Strålin, Leif A. Kirsebom, Per Olcén, Jonas Blomberg & Björn Herrmann. (2009) Detection of Haemophilus influenzae in respiratory secretions from pneumonia patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 64:4, pages 366-373.
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K. Loens, L. Van Heirstraeten, S. Malhotra-Kumar, H. Goossens & M. Ieven. (2009) Optimal Sampling Sites and Methods for Detection of Pathogens Possibly Causing Community-Acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47:1, pages 21-31.
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Niclas Johansson, Mats Kalin, Christian G. Giske & Jonas Hedlund. (2008) Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae from sputum samples with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for etiologic diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 60:3, pages 255-261.
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