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Research Article

A preliminary study evaluating the relationship between force and incised trauma on pig rib bones

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Pages 62-81 | Received 21 Sep 2022, Accepted 31 Aug 2023, Published online: 08 Sep 2023
 

Abstract

In forensic contexts, understanding of the complicated relationships between level of force, type of knife blade, and dimensions of incisions remains limited. The purpose of this research was to explore how incisions on pig rib bones vary depending on the type of knife blade and quantity of perpendicular force inflicted. A cutting rig (designed to position a bone, knife, and weights) facilitated the creation of incisions on fleshed rib bones (n = 59), defleshed rib bones (n = 77), and synthetic materials (n = 36). Five different masses of weights (measuring 4381, 8861, 13515, 18267, and 23343 g) were applied to four knife blades (two serrated and two non-serrated blades), with each combination of variables repeated thrice. 3D digital microscopy was utilized to model and measure each incision. The two-way ANOVA found significant differences in depth and length between knife types and levels of force across all sample sets (p < 0.05), with greater perpendicular forces and serrated blades creating longer and deeper cuts. These findings demonstrate that there is a complex relationship between force, type of knife blade, and the related dimensions of incisions.

RÉSUMÉ

Dans le contexte médico-légal, la compréhension des relations complexes entre le degré de force, le type de lame de couteau, et les dimensions des incisions demeure limitée. L’objectif de cette recherche était d’étudier les variations des incisions sur les côtes de porc en fonction du type de lame de couteau utilisée et de la quantité de force perpendiculaire infligée. Un dispositif de coupe avait été conçu afin de positionner un os, un couteau, et du poids pour faciliter la création des incisions sur des côtes de porc avec chair (n = 59), des côtes de porc sans chair (n = 77), et un matériau synthétique (n = 36). Cinq poids différents (4381 g, 8861 g, 13515 g, 18267 g, et 23343 g) avaient été appliqué sur quatre lames de couteau (deux lames dentelées et deux non dentelées), en répétant chaque combinaison de variables trois fois. Pour modéliser et mesurer les dimensions de chaque incision, la microscopie numérique tridimensionnelle avait été utilisé. Le test statistique ANOVA à deux facteurs avait révélé des différences de profondeur et de longueur significatives entre le type de lame de couteau utilisé et le niveau de force (p < 0,05), dans l’ensemble des échantillons. Précisément, l’utilisation de lames dentelées avec une force perpendiculaire plus élevée avait entraîné des incisions plus profondes et plus longues. Ces résultats démontrent l’existence d’une relation complexe entre la force appliquée, le type de lame de couteau utilisée, et les dimensions des incisions associées.

Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to thank Dr. Tracy Rogers for her support, feedback, and guidance throughout the research process; Jihwa Lim and Quan Le for their assistance during data collection and feedback on earlier versions of the manuscript; and Michael Walsh and Keyence Canada for their generosity in allowing the use of their 3D microscope.

Disclosure statement

The authors are employed by or were a student at the University of Toronto Mississauga Forensic Science Department, which funded the research.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the University of Toronto Mississauga Forensic Science Department. The funding source had no involvement in the study decision; collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; or decision to submit the article for publication.

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