Highly efficient and green synthesis of diacylphloroglucinol over treated natural zeolite mordenite and the optimization using response surface method (RSM)

Abstract

Herein, we report a greener and highly efficient route for the Friedel-Craft acylation of phloroglucinol over Indonesian treated natural zeolite mordenite (nHZMOR) catalyst to provide value-added diacylphloroglucinol derivatives under solvent-free conditions. The nHZMOR showed a high catalytic performance in Friedel-Craft acylation of a phloroglucinol reaction, and diacylphloroglucinol derivatives were obtained in excellent yields. The advantages of the use of this catalyst are solvent-free, shorter reaction time, high yields, and its recyclable ability. Easy catalyst separation was demonstrated through filtration and reused several times without noticeably decreasing its catalytic activity; however, with regeneration treatment, its catalytic performance can be improved. The effect of catalyst loading, reaction temperature, solvent effect and reaction time has been extensively studied. In addition, the chemical process was enhanced by the use of coupling automated synthesis equipment with the Response Surface Method (RSM) to optimize the Friedel-Craft acylation reaction. Also, a reasonable reaction mechanism had presented.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Diacylphloroglucinol
• green synthesis
• natural zeolite mordenite catalyst
• solvent-free

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Indonesian Directorate General of Higher Education through the research project of PUPT 2018.