Spanish Cultural Adaptation and Inter-Rater Reliability of the Test of Playfulness

Abstract

Aim

To adapt the Test of Playfulness (ToP) to the Spanish context (culturally and linguistically) and analyze the inter-rater reliability of the translated version.

Methods

Following a specific methodology for cultural adaptation, direct and back translations were carried out, together with cognitive interviews with pediatric occupational therapists, to analyze the comprehensibility of the translated version. The resulting version was analyzed by a linguistic expert to determine its grammatical and linguistic adequacy. Finally, inter-rater reliability was analyzed in a sample of typically developing children aged between 4 years old and 6 years and 11 months (n = 12).

Results

Direct and back translation phases showed a good conceptual equivalence with the original version. The cognitive interviews enabled the identification of difficulties surrounding the understanding and the terminology used in several items. The linguistic expert and the research team revision ensured that final grammatical and conceptual improvements were made. Inter-rater reliability analysis showed an almost perfect degree of agreement (0.82 ≤ κ ≤ 1.00; p < 0.001), as well as stability and a strong positive linear correlation (0.81; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The translated version of the ToP fits the Spanish context and can be used in the clinical setting of pediatric occupational therapy in Spain.

Keywords:

• Children
• cultural adaptation
• playfulness
• assessment
• Test of Playfulness

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.S-T; methodology, S.S-T, M.P-d-H-T and S.S-d-R; formal analysis, S.S-T; investigation, S.S-T, M.P-d-H-T and S.S-d-R; data curation and statistics, S.S-T; writing—original draft preparation, S.S-T; writing, review and editing, S.S-d-R, A-B and M.P-d-H-T; supervision, S.S-d-R, A-B and M.P-d-H-T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sergio Serrada-Tejeda

Sergio Serrada-Tejeda, OT, PhD student, visiting professor of Occupational Therapy. Member of the Research Group in Evaluation and Assessment of Ability, Function and Disability of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Sergio Santos-del-Riego

Sergio Santos-del-Riego, MD, PhD, Coordinator of the Integration and Health Promotion Research Unit (INTEGRA SAÚDE) of Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.

Anita Bundy

Anita Bundy, ScD, OT/L, FAOTA, FOTARA, Professor and Department Head of Occupational Therapy at Colorado State University, Colorado, USA.

Marta Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres

Marta Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres, OT, PhD, University professor of Occupational Therapy. Director and principal investigator of the Research Group in Evaluation and Assessment of Ability, Function and Disability of Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.