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Annals of Human Biology Volume 49, 2022 - Issue 7-8
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Research Papers

Sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth: evidence based on disorders of sex development

D.S.R. Amaisa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9323-8322View further author information
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T.E.R. da Silvaa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-8813View further author information
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B.A. Barrosa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7088-9058View further author information
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J.G.R. de Andradea Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-9994View further author information
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S.H.V. de Lemos-Marinib Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8289-5703View further author information
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M.P. de Melloa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;c Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-9100View further author information
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A.P. Marques-de-Fariaa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5454-8982View further author information
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T.N. Mazzolaa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;c Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4701-7734View further author information
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M.S. Guaragnaa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;c Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-8571View further author information
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H. Fabbri-Scalleta Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil;c Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2738-1814View further author information
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T.A.P. Vieirad Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine and Cytogenetics Laboratory, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-8341View further author information
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N.L. Viguetti-Camposd Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine and Cytogenetics Laboratory, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-1935View further author information
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A.M. Morcillob Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2088-972XView further author information
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O. Hiorte Division of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, GermanyORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7490-4983View further author information
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A.T. Maciel-Guerraa Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4850-8079View further author information
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G. Guerra-Juniora Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2991-7678View further author information
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Pages 274-279 | Received 08 Nov 2021, Accepted 02 Oct 2022, Published online: 23 Jan 2023
 
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Abstract

Background

Males have higher weight and length at birth than females.

Aim

To verify the influence of the Y chromosome and the action of intrauterine androgens on weight and length at birth of children with Disorders of Sex Development (DSD).

Subjects and methods

A cross-sectional and retrospective study. Patients with Turner syndrome (TS), complete (XX and XY), mixed (45,X/46,XY) and partial (XY) gonadal dysgenesis (GD), complete (CAIS) and partial (PAIS) androgen insensitivity syndromes and XX and XY congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were included. Weight and length at birth were evaluated.

Results

Weight and length at birth were lower in TS and mixed GD when compared to XY and XX DSD cases. In turn, patients with increased androgen action (117 cases) had higher weight and length at birth when compared to those with absent (108 cases) and decreased (68 cases) production/action. In birthweight, there was a negative influence of the 45,X/46,XY karyotype and a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age. In birth length, there was a negative influence of the 45,X and 45,X/46,XY karyotypes and also a positive influence of increased androgen and gestational age.

Conclusions

The sex dimorphism of weight and length at birth could possibly be influenced by intrauterine androgenic action.

Author contributions

DSTA, TER, ATM-G, and GG-J reviewed the literature. DSTA, TER, BAB, JGRA, APM-F, AMM, OH, ATM-G, and GG-J designed the study. MPM, TNM, MSG, HF-S, TAPV, and NLV performed experiments for the disease diagnosis (karyotype, FISH, and molecular studies). All authors co-wrote and revised the paper.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

Data are available in a public, open access repository at https://doi.org/102524/redu/URVCSI.

Additional information

Funding

None.

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