Impact of minimal residual disease on relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Lessons learnt from a tertiary cancer center in India

Abstract

Prognostic predictive value of end of induction minimal residual disease (EOI-MRD) is well established in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We evaluated the factors likely to affect EOI-MRD positivity (>0.01%) by flow cytometry and relapse in different BFM-95 (Berlin–Frankfurt–Munich) risk groups among children and adolescents. In this retrospective study, data of 223 newly diagnosed patients with ALL was analyzed. Association between demographic and pretreatment characteristics with EOI-MRD was assessed. Risk factors for relapse were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Proportion of the SR (standard risk), MR (moderate risk), and HR (high risk) patients was 18.8%, 60.9%, 20.3%, respectively. Positive EOI-MRD among these risk groups was observed in 11.9%, 18.3%, and 55.5% patients respectively (p value <.01%). MRD positivity was more likely to be associated with older age (>10 years) and BFM-HR patients (p value .0008 and <.0001). Thirty-four (15.2%) patients relapsed in the whole cohort. On univariate analysis, statistically significant factors for RFS (relapse-free survival) included hyperleukocytosis, high-risk cytogenetics, NCI (National Cancer Institute) high risk, poor day-8 prednisolone response, BFM–HR and positive EOI-MRD status. Of all these only EOI-MRD retained its impact by multivariate analysis. Positive EOI-MRD significantly predicted relapse in BFM-MR with 5-year RFS of 88.0% and 68.4% (p value .02). Five-year RFS of EOI-MRD negative and positive groups were 86.4% and 65.5%, respectively (p value .004). EOI-MRD is a powerful tool to predict relapse in children and adolescent with ALL especially in BFM-MR. Application of MRD in HR patients needs to be redefined in conjunction with other variables.

Keywords:

• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• BFM-95
• children
• minimal residual disease
• relapse

Acknowledgment

We are deeply grateful to our patients, their families, and the opportunity to investigate this disease.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and do not have any financial disclosure.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.