Small furnace for the small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) characterization of the high temperature carbonization of coal

Abstract

High temperature carbonization, an important approach to cleanly and efficiently use coal, refers to a complex process in which a series of physical phenomena and chemical reactions occur when coal is heated to ≥1000 °C in anoxic conditions. A furnace was developed for the in-situ small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements with the scattering angle 2θ between 0° and 60° during sample heating from room temperature to 1200 °C. The usefulness of the furnace for high temperature carbonization of coal was verified at the 1W2A SAXS station at the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF).

Keywords:

• Furnace
• coal
• high temperature carbonization
• small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS
• )
• wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS
• )
• synchrotron radiation

Acknowledgement

We thank Dr. Michel H. J. Koch (EMBL, Hamburg) for his kind help in revising the manuscript.

Declaration of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that influenced the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS), a major national science and technology infrastructure in China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1910206, U1910201, U1532105), the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion (Grant No. J19-20-604, J21-22-604) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0403000).