Advances in sample preparation in chromatography for organic environmental pollutants analyses

Abstract

Many pollutants are present at trace level in our environment, which are beyond the scope of the detection by advance instruments too. Therefore, there is urgent need to develop advance sample preparation methods to determine the concentrations of the pollutants even at trace levels. Keeping this into consideration, many extraction techniques have been developed and applied for the analysis of organic pollutants in environmental samples. This review presents the sate-of-the-art of sample preparation methods in environmental samples. The extraction techniques discussed are headspace, liquid based extraction, supported liquid, homogeneous liquid–liquid, homogeneous liquid–liquid, single drop micro-extraction, membrane assisted solvent, solid-phase, molecularly imprinted solid-phase, monolithic spin column, matrix solid-phase, dispersive solid-phase, disposable pipette, magnetic solid-phase, solid-phase micro-extraction, micro-extraction by packed sorbent and stir bar sorptive. The article will be highly useful for environmental chromatographers.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Applications
• hyphenation
• organic pollutants environmental analyses
• sample preparation

Disclosure statement

There is no funding source for this manuscript. The authors have no conflict of interest.

Abbreviations

DLLME	=	Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction
DPX	=	Disposable pipette extraction
DSPE	=	Dispersive solid-phase extraction
GC	=	Gas chromatography
LC	=	Liquid chromatography
HF-LPME	=	Hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction
HLLE	=	Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction
HS	=	Headspace
LLE	=	Liquid-liquid extraction
MASE	=	Membrane-assisted solvent extraction
MEPS	=	Microextraction by packed sorbent
MISPE	=	Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction
MS	=	Mass spectrometry
MSCE	=	Monolithic spin column extraction
MSPD	=	Matrix solid-phase dispersion
SBSE	=	Stir bar sorptive extraction
SDME	=	Single drop microextraction
SPE	=	Solid-phase extraction
SPME	=	Solid-phase microextraction
CNTs	=	Carbon Nano tubes
MWNTs	=	Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes