https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7174-7775
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ABSTRACT
This contemporary work was mainly focused on the application of ANN model and RSM optimization tool for analyzing the performance and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine operating with acetylene and diesel on dual fuel mode. Experiments were performed in a 3.5 kW Kirloskar TV1, water-cooled engine with various flow rates (2, 4, and 6 liters per minute) of acetylene gas, variations in the Compression Ratio (CR) (16, 18, and 20), Injection Timing (IT) (19ºbTDC, 23ºbTDC, 27ºbTDC) and Injection Pressure (IP) (200, 220, and 240 bar). Multi-objective optimization was conducted using the RSM, while the central composite design was chosen as the design matrix. The desirability approach was employed to find optimum operating conditions. High flow rate of acetylene injection of 6 lpm, higher IP of 240 bar, CR of 18 and IT of 23ºCA bTDC were arrived as the optimum operating conditions with 0.649 desirability value.The ANN model was developed based on experimentaldata to forecast the brake thermal efficiency (BTH), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke. ANN was trained using Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm for predicting output parameters. To analyze theStatistical error,measuring tools Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRSME) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) were used in the proposed ANN model.NRSME and MAPE values for the developed ANN model were 0.00908–0.047516 and 0.014502–0.118807 respectively. Regression coefficients (R), Coefficient of determination (R2) were implemented to validate the proposed model. The range of values obtained for R and R2were 0.998742–0.999953, 0.997487–0.999906 correspondingly. The low range of error and closeness of R and R2 values nearest to 1 confirms that the proposed model can predict the output parameters with acceptable limits of error.
Nomenclature
| Pmax | = | Peak cylinder-Pressure, bar |
| IT | = | Injection Timing |
| R2 | = | Coefficient of Determination |
| IP | = | Injection Pressure |
| R | = | Correlation Coefficient |
| Lpm | = | Litres per Minute |
Abbreviations
| RSM | = | Response Surface Methodology |
| BTH | = | Brake Thermal Efficiency |
| ANN | = | Artificial Neural Network |
| CI | = | Compression Ignition |
| CRDI | = | Common Rail Direct Injection |
| HC | = | Hydrocarbon |
| CO | = | Carbon Monoxide |
| NOx | = | Nitric Oxides |
| MAPE | = | Mean Absolute Percentage Error |
| NRMSE | = | Normalized Root Mean Square Error |
| Pcyl | = | Cylinder Pressure |
| Pmax | = | Peak Cylinder Pressure |
| RoHR | = | Rate of Heat Release |
| SFC | = | Specific Fuel Consumption |
| IC | = | Internal Combustion |
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Gavaskar Thodda
Mr. Gavaskar Thodda working as Associate Professor, in Department of Mechanical Engineering at St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai.
Venkata Ramanan Madhavan
Dr. Venkata Ramanan Madhavan is working as a Professor at Institute for Energy Studies, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai. Prof. Venkat is basically a Mechanical Engineer with M.Tech in Energy Conservation and Management. He `researched on Biomass Gasification for his Ph.D. He has about 20 years of rich experience in Teaching, Research and Industrial Consultancy. His areas of expertise include performance evaluation of industrial utilities (Detailed and Specific Energy Audits), Bio Energy Conversion Technologies, Detailed Project Report (DPR) Preparation and Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Energy Systems. Prof Venkat had completed 52 energy audits, 5 R&D Projects and 30 energy related consultancy assignments. 5 scholars had been awarded Ph.D. under his guidance. His publications comprise about 60 articles in reputed international journals like Fuels, Applied Thermal Engineering, Energy and Fuels, Journal of NonEquilibrium Thermodynamics, Bio- fuels etc., Presently 10 scholars are carrying out their doctoral research under his guidance.
Lakshmanan Thangavelu
Dr. Lakshmanan Thangavelu, working as Associate Professor, in Department of Mechanical Engineering at SRM University. Chennai. Dr. T. Lakshmanan has 26 years of teaching experience in India and abroad , published more than 27 National and International Journals. His area of Specialization is IC engines and 4 students has Completed Doctoral Degree under his guidance.