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Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity

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Article: 2133877 | Received 27 Jun 2022, Accepted 27 Aug 2022, Published online: 19 Oct 2022
 

ABSTRACT

Pollution in the world and exposure of humans and nature to toxic substances is continuously worsening at a rapid pace. In the last 60 years, human and domestic animal health has been challenged by continuous exposure to toxic substances and pollutants because of uncontrolled growth, modernization, and industrialization. More than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced to our lives, mostly without any reasonable control of their health effects and toxicity. A plethora of studies show exposure to these harmful substances during this period with their implications on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier and increasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in the context of the “epithelial barrier hypothesis”. Exposure to these substances causes an epithelial injury with peri-epithelial inflammation, microbial dysbiosis and bacterial translocation to sub-epithelial areas, and immune response to dysbiotic bacteria. Here, we provide scientific evidence on the altered human exposome and its impact on epithelial barriers.

Abbreviations

AGEs=

Advanced glycation endproducts

AR=

Allergic rhinitis

AhR=

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor

AD=

Atopic dermatitis

CO=

Carbon monoxide

CNMS=

Carbon nanomaterials

CNT=

Carbon nanotubes

CMC=

Carboxymethylcellulose

COPD=

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

DEP=

Diesel exhaust particulates

EIS=

Electrical impedance spectroscopy

E-cigarette=

Electronic cigarettes

FLG=

Filaggrin

ILC=

Innate lymphoid cell

IL=

Interleukin

Fe3=

Iron oxide

MP=

Microplastic

NP=

Nanoplastic

NO=

Nitric oxide

NO2=

Nitrogen dioxide

NHBECS=

Normal human bronchial epithelial cells

PM=

Particulate matter

P80=

Polysorbate 80

PG=

Propylene glycol

ROS=

Reactive oxygen species

SiO=

Silica dioxide

SDS=

Sodium dodecyl sulphate

SDBS=

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

SO2=

Sulphur dioxide

TJ=

Tight junction

Th=

T helper

TiO=

Titanium dioxide

TLR=

Toll-like receptor

VG=

Vegetable glycerine

VOCS=

Volatile organic compounds

WHO=

World Health Organization

ZnO=

Zinc oxide

ZO=

Zonula occludens

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

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