Covid-19 risk factors: statistical learning from German healthcare claims data

Abstract

Background

Precise individual risk quantification of severe courses of Covid-19 is needed to prioritize protective measures and to assess population risks in a phase of increased immunization. So far, results for the German population are lacking. Furthermore, existing studies pre-specify comorbidity risks by broad categories rather than deriving them from the data using statistical learning techniques.

Methods

Risk factors for severe, critical and lethal courses of Covid-19 are identified from a large German claims dataset covering more than 4 million individuals. To avoid prior grouping and pre-selection of risk factors, fine-grained hierarchical information from medical classification systems for diagnoses, pharmaceuticals and procedures are used, resulting in more than 33,000 covariates. These are processed using a LASSO approach.

Results

We identify relevant risk factors, among which hypertensive diseases, heart disease and the corresponding medications are most relevant at population level. Prior use of diuretics is the strongest single medical predictor for severe course (e.g. Torasemide, odds ratio (OR) 1.801), but also for a critical course (OR 2.304) and death (OR 2.523). To assess risk profiles at the individual level, our approach sums up many such factors and has better predictive ability than using pre-specified morbidity groups (AUC for predicting critical course 0.875 versus AUC ≤ 0.865).

Conclusions

The proposed method can help to identify risk factors and assess risk at the individual level for other infectious diseases. The results can be used by administrative data holders to guide protective policies, while a risk index can be applied in clinical studies with a narrower focus.

Keywords:

• SARS-CoV-2
• prioritization
• prediction
• routine data
• machine learning

Ethical approval

The data used in this analysis were completely anonymized. Therefore, an approval of an ethics committee or another respective institution was not required. Because of anonymization, a written consent was not required as well.

Disclosure statement

They have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Notes

1 International Statistical Classification of Diseases, German Modification or ICD-10-GM.

2 https://www.dimdi.de/dynamic/en/classifications/