Review on nanomaterials/conducting polymer based nanocomposites for the development of biosensors and electrochemical sensors

ABSTRACT

The present article highlights intensive research carried out on the study of potential applications of nanocomposites based on combination of nanomaterials with intrinsically conducting polymers, i.e., polyaniline, polypyrrole and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) at electrochemical and biosensing platforms. Extensive literature information is summed up in this review article regarding synthesis, characterization techniques, target analytes, limit of detection and possible interactions of nanomaterials with conducting polymers. Widespread data of various nanomaterials/conducting polymer-based electrochemical sensor, immunosensor, gas sensor and biosensor in field of pharmaceutics, pesticides, microbiology, genomics, etc., have been mainly focused as well as future outlook has also been compiled here.

Graphical abstract

KEYWORDS:

• Biosensor
• electrochemical sensor
• gas sensor
• conducting polymers

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to UGC for awarding fellowship to Miss Gagandeep Kaur (UGC-National Fellowship for OBC-Student id-201819-NFO-2018-19-OBC-PUN-78836).

Disclosure

Authors have no conflict of interest related to this manuscript.

List of abbreviations

AbbreviationFull name

AFMAtomic force microscopy

APSAmmonium persulfate

BETBrunauer–Emmett–Teller

CNMsCarbon nanomaterials

CNTsCarbon nanotubes

CPsConducting polymers

CPNsConducting polymer nanocomposites

αCRPC-reactive protein

CVCyclic voltammetry

DANDiaminonaphthalene

DNADeoxyribonucleic acid

DPSVDifferential pulse stripping voltammetry

DPVDifferential pulse voltammetry

EDOT3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene

EDSEnergy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

EISElectrochemical impedance spectroscopy

FESEMField emission scanning electron microscopy

FSCVFast-scan cyclic voltammetry

FTIRFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

GGraphene

GCEGlassy carbon electrode

GOGraphene oxide

HPLCHigh-performance liquid chromatography

HRTEMHigh-resolution transmission electron microscopy

LODLimit of detection

MNPsMetal nanoparticles

MWCNTsMulti-walled carbon nanotubes

NPsNanoparticles

PANIPolyaniline

PLPhotoluminescence

PPyPolypyrrole

PEDOTPoly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PVPPolyvinylpyrrolidone

RGOReduced graphene oxide

SEMScanning electron microscopy

SWASVSquare-wave anodic stripping voltammetry

SWCNTsSingle-walled carbon nanotubes

f- SWCNTsFunctionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes

SWSVSquare wave striping voltammetry

SWVSquare wave voltammetry

TEMTransmission electron microscopy

TGAThermogravimetric analysis

UV-visUltraviolet–visible spectroscopy

WDSWavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

XODXanthine oxidase

XPSX-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRDX-ray powder diffraction

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the UGC-National Fellowship for OBC Candidate [NFO-2018-19-OBC-PUN-78836].

Notes on contributors

Gagandeep Kaur

Miss Gagandeep Kaur received her M.Sc. (2017) from Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala. She has been pursuing Ph.D. Chemistry under supervision of Dr. Harpreet Kaur. Her fields of research interest are nanosynthesis, surface chemistry, sensors and environmental chemistry. She has been awarded with Inspire Scholarship (2013-2017) by DST. She is currently awarded with UGC-National Fellowship for OBC. 

Anupreet Kaur

Dr. Anupreet Kaur received her Ph.D. (2012) from Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala. She has been working as Assistant Professor in Basic and Applied Sciences Department, Punjabi University, Patiala. Her fields of research are nanotechnology, environmental and analytical chemistry, synthesis of conducting nanomaterials and nanocomposites.

Harpreet Kaur

Dr. Harpreet Kaur received her Ph.D. (2007) from Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala. She has been working as Senior Assistant Professor in Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala. Her fields of research interest are Synthetic electrochemistry, surface chemistry, nanosynthesis and environmental chemistry. Her h-index from google citations is 8. She has more than 35 research papers in various reputed national and international journals.