Role-play experience’s effect on students’ 21st century skills propensity

Figures & data

Table

Action

1. In my role I was able to do many things

2. In my role I was able to decide myself what I was doing (omitted)

3. In my role I had a chance to influence what was happening during the day

Attention

1. I paid attention to different kinds of roles during the day (omitted)

2. I was able to concentrate on my role without any disruptions

3. I became so absorbed in my role that I forgot everything else

Collectivity

1. In my role I was able to do things together with others

2. In my role I felt part of the group

3. During the day the roles felt safe

Goals

1. My role fitted together with my goals

2. My role supported me attaining my goals during the day

3. My role set new goals for me

Figure 1. The gamified learning environment of Me and MyCity (images included with permission).

Figure 2. Research model with higher order role-play experience.

Figure 3. Research model with lower order role-play experience.

Table

Role-play experience instrument’s subscale	α	CR	AVE
Action	0.649	0.850	0.739
Attention	0.722	0.878	0.783
Collectivity	0.769	0.867	0.685
Goals	0.782	0.873	0.697

Table 1. Participant demographics.

Gender	n	%	Native language	n	%	Region of Finland	n	%
Girl	119	47.0	Finnish	210	83.0	Western	120	47.4
Boy	93	36.8	Other	19	7.5	Southern	85	33.6
Other	8	3.1	Missing	24	9.5	Northern	44	17.4
Prefer not to say	9	3.6				Missing	4	1.6
Missing	24	9.5
Total	253	100%		253	100%		253	100%

Table 2. P21 framework for twenty-first century skills (Battelle for Kids, 2019).

Domain	Dimension	Subdimension
Learning and innovation skills	Communication and collaboration	Communicate clearly
		Collaborate with others
Life and career skills	Flexibility and adaptability	Adapt to change
		Being flexible
	Initiative and self-direction	Manage goals and time
		Work independently
		Being a self-directed learner
	Social and cross-cultural skills	Interact effectively with others
		Work effectively in diverse teams
	Productivity and accountability	Manage projects
		Produce results
	Leadership and responsibility	Guide and lead others
		Being responsible to others

Table 3. Loadings for role-play experience instrument.

	Action	Attention	Collectivity	Goals
Action 1	0.879
Action 3	0.841
Attention 2		0.819
Attention 3		0.842
Collectivity 1			0.804
Collectivity 2			0.880
Collectivity 3			0.796
Goals 1				0.864
Goals 2				0.852
Goals 3				0.788

Table 4. Total effects with higher order role-play experience variable.

Path	β	CI 2.5%	CI 97.5%	f-Square	p
Role-play experience -> Communication and collaboration	0.257	0.156	0.407	0.070	0.000*
Role-play experience -> Flexibility and adaptability	0.430	0.350	0.532	0.226	0.000*
Role-play experience -> Initiative and self-direction	0.290	0.188	0.442	0.092	0.000*
Role-play experience -> Leadership and responsibility	0.349	0.236	0.483	0.139	0.000*
Role-play experience -> Productivity and accountability	0.304	0.212	0.434	0.102	0.000*
Role-play experience -> Social and cross-cultural skills	0.465	0.360	0.578	0.277	0.000*

CI: confidence interval.

*p < 0.001.

Table 5. Total effects with lower order role-play experience variable.

Path	B	CI 2.5%	CI 97.5%	f-Square	p
Collectivity -> Flexibility and adaptability	0.277	0.087	0.450	0.045	0.003**
Attention -> Social and cross-cultural skills	0.246	0.047	0.412	0.044	0.008**
Goals -> Initiative and self-direction	0.197	0.021	0.375	0.024	0.032*
Action -> Social and cross-cultural skills	0.214	0.013	0.408	0.033	0.034*
Goals -> Social and cross-cultural skills	0.162	−0.003	0.314	0.019	0.048*
Action -> Leadership and responsibility	0.202	−0.012	0.400	0.026	0.056
Goals -> Communication and collaboration	0.160	−0.037	0.339	0.016	0.094
Attention -> Communication and collaboration	0.210	−0.076	0.424	0.027	0.098
Collectivity -> Productivity and accountability	0.175	−0.121	0.405	0.016	0.186
Action -> Initiative and self-direction	0.149	−0.083	0.362	0.013	0.193
Goals -> Productivity and accountability	0.135	−0.088	0.354	0.011	0.226
Collectivity -> Leadership and responsibility	0.129	−0.081	0.385	0.009	0.290
Goals -> Leadership and responsibility	0.091	−0.092	0.264	0.005	0.317
Action -> Flexibility and adaptability	0.076	−0.058	0.248	0.004	0.326
Attention -> Flexibility and adaptability	0.088	−0.087	0.268	0.005	0.328
Collectivity -> Communication and collaboration	−0.130	−0.380	0.144	0.009	0.332
Goals -> Flexibility and adaptability	0.071	−0.088	0.212	0.003	0.350
Action -> Productivity and accountability	0.086	−0.122	0.285	0.005	0.406
Action -> Communication and collaboration	0.079	−0.123	0.281	0.004	0.441
Attention -> Initiative and self-direction	0.100	−0.156	0.354	0.006	0.457
Collectivity -> Initiative and self-direction	−0.085	−0.367	0.204	0.004	0.565
Collectivity -> Social and cross-cultural skills	−0.039	−0.225	0.204	0.001	0.724
Attention -> Productivity and accountability	−0.035	−0.268	0.222	0.001	0.774
Attention -> Leadership and responsibility	0.002	−0.225	0.186	0.000	0.982

CI: confidence interval.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Battelle for Kids (2019). Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved from http://static.battelleforkids.org/documents/p21/P21_Framework_Brief.pdf

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