Normative and appearance performance-approach goal structures: Two-level factor structure and external linkages

Figures & data

Table 1. Factorial structure of performance-approach goal structures.

Model	χ^2	df	CFI	RMSEA	AIC	BIC	SABIC
One Factor at L1, One Factor at L2	201.49	23	.938	0.088	17726.94	17849.73	17770.33
Two Factors at L1, One Factor at L2	44.22	22	.992	0.032	17680.08	17807.79	17725.21
One Factor at L1, Two Factors at L2	223.01	22	.930	0.095	17729.51	17857.22	17774.64
Two Factors at L1, Two Factors at L2	35.54	21	.995	0.026	17683.26	17814.88	17729.13

Table 2. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients on the individual and classroom level.

Variable	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.	11.
1. PAp goal structure normative (L1)
2. PAp goal structure appearance (L1)	.62
3. Personal goals - MAp goal (L1)	.02	.04
4. Personal goals - PAp goal normative (L1)	.54	.45	.26
5. Personal goals - PAp goal appearance (L1)	.52	.54	.20	.72
6. Achievement (L1)	.05	-.02	.10	.15	.05
7. Overall PAp goal structure (L2)
8. Personal goals – MAp goal (L2)							.22
9. Personal goals – PAp goal normative (L2)							.58	.28
10. Personal goals – PAp goal appearance (L2)							.67	.37	.72
11. Achievement (L2)							.31	.39	.12	.38
M	2.84	3.08	4.12	2.85	2.82	3.45	2.97	4.15	2.85	3.09	3.43
SD	1.08	1.05	1.23	1.15	1.26	1.05	0.26	0.52	0.27	0.28	0.36
ICC(1)	0.02	0.02	0.14	0.03	0.00	0.07
ICC(2)	0.28	0.33	0.77	0.38	0.08	0.59

Note. Statistically significant correlations at p < .05 are boldface.

Table 3. Multilevel regression model results: PAp goal structures predicting personal goals and achievement.

Predictors	MAp goal		normative PAp goal		appearance PAp goal		Achievement
	Est. (SE)	Std. Est.	Est. (SE)	Std. Est.	Est. (SE)	Std. Est.	Est. (SE)	Std. Est.
Student Level (L1)
normative PAp goal structure	−0.01 (0.05)	−0.01	0.50 (0.04)	0.42	0.37 (0.04)	0.31	0.09 (0.05)	0.09
appearance PAp goal structure	0.05 (0.05)	0.04	0.23 (0.04)	0.18	0.42 (0.05)	0.34	−0.07 (0.04)	−0.07
Classroom Level (L2)
Overall PAp goal structure	0.48 (0.26)	0.27	0.85 (0.10)	0.93	0.66 (0.11)	0.90	0.34 (0.20)	0.33

Note. Est. = unstandardized estimate; Std. Est. = standardized estimate; Statistically significant results at p < .05 are boldface.

Table 4. Multilevel mediation model results: goal structures mediating the relationship between personal goals and achievement.

Level	Predictor	Mediator	Outcome	Est. (SD)	95% CI	Std. Est.
Student Level (L1)
	normative PAp GS	normative PAp goal		0.50 (0.04)	[0.43, 0.58]	0.43
	normative PAp GS	appearance PAp goal		0.37 (0.04)	[0.29, 0.44]	0.31
	appearance PAp GS	normative PAp goal		0.23 (0.04)	[0.15, 0.30]	0.19
	appearance PAp GS	appearance PAp goal		0.42 (0.04)	[0.34, 0.50]	0.35
		normative PAp goal	Achievement	0.20 (0.04)	[0.12, 0.28]	0.24
		appearance PAp goal	Achievement	−0.07 (0.04)	[−0.15, 0.01]	−0.09
	normative PAp GS		Achievement	0.02 (0.04)	[−0.07, 0.10]	0.02
	appearance PAp GS		Achievement	−0.09 (0.04)	[−0.17, −0.00]	−0.09
	normative PAp GS	normative PAp goal	Achievement	0.10 (0.02)	[0.06, 0.14]
	normative PAp GS	appearance PAp goal	Achievement	−0.03 (0.02)	[−0.06, 0.00]
	appearance PAp GS	normative PAp goal	Achievement	0.04 (0.01)	[0.02, 0.07]
	appearance PAp GS	appearance PAp goal	Achievement	−0.03 (0.02)	[−0.07, 0.00]
Classroom Level (L2)
	overall PAp GS	normative PAp goal		0.83 (0.14)	[0.56, 1.10]	0.65
	overall PAp GS	appearance PAp goal		0.64 (0.14)	[0.37, 0.91]	0.56
		normative PAp goal	Achievement	0.44 (0.27)	[−0.10, 0.97]	0.44
		appearance PAp goal	Achievement	−0.33 (0.27)	[−0.85, 0.21]	−0.30
	overall PAp GS		Achievement	0.18 (0.28)	[−0.36, 0.73]	0.14
	overall PAp GS	normative PAp goal	Achievement	0.35 (0.23)	[−0.08, 0.85]
	overall PAp GS	appearance PAp goal	Achievement	−0.20 (0.18)	[−0.59, 0.13]

Note. GS = Goal Structure; Est. = Unstandardized Bayesian posterior median estimate; SD = Standard deviation of the posterior distribution. 95% CI = 95% Bayesian credibility interval; Std. Est. = Standardized Estimate; It should be noted that the confidence intervals are based on two-tailed tests, meaning that it is possible that results from one-tailed tests which are statistically significant include zero in the confidence intervals; Statistically significant results at p < .05 are boldface.