Estimation of the radiation dose of ¹⁰⁷Pd in palladium products and preliminary proposal of appropriate clearance level

Figures & data

Table 1. Previously reported atmospheric concentrations of Pd

City/country	Other specification	Pd concentration (pg/m^3)	References
California	–	< 0.06	Johnson et al. [8]
Ghent, Belgium and Milan, Italy	–	< 0.7	Schutyser et al. [9]
Caesarea, Israel	PM2.5	3.3	Gertler [10]
Czech Republic	Various observation sites	30–280	Vlašánkova et al. [11]
Berlin, Germany	Urban environment	0.2–14.6	Tilch et al. [12]
Rome, Italy	Urban sites (heavy traffic)	21.2–85.7	Petrucci et al. [13]
Göteborg, Sweden	Urban area, PM10	0.1–10	Rauch et al. [14]
Madrid, Spain	M-30 highway, PM10	5.1–32	Gómez et al. [15]
Vienna, Austria	Weekly averages, PM10	2.6	Kanitsar et al. [16]
	particle size < 30 µm	14.4
Frankfurt, Germany Neuglobsow	Urban road side	1.2–683 (av. 43.9)	Zereini et al. [17]
	Rural area	0.2–10.9 (av. 2.6)
Croatia	Urban road side	3.9–5.6	Rinkovec et al. [18]

Table 2. Dose coefficient for ¹⁰⁷Pd recommended by ICRP for inhalation and ingestion, and respiration volume for each age group*

Inhalation	Dose coefficient (Sv/Bq) for each age group
Type of particle	3 months	1 yr	5 yrs	10 yrs	15 yrs	Adults
	< 1 years	1–< 2 years	2–< 7 years	7–12 years	12–17 years	17 years
F	2.60E–10	1.80E–10	8.20E–11	5.20E–11	3.10E–11	2.50E–11
M	6.50E–10	5.00E–10	2.60E–10	1.50E–10	1.00E–10	8.50E–11
S	2.20E–09	2.00E–09	1.30E–09	7.80E–10	6.20E–10	5.90E–10
Respiration volume m^3	2.86	5.16	8.72	15.3	20.1	22.2
Ingestion	Dose coefficient (Sv/Bq)
	3 months	1 yr	5 yrs	10 yrs	15 yrs	Adults
	1.40E–10	2.80E–10	1.40E–10	8.10E–11	4.60E–11	3.70E–11

* Values are those from ICRP publication 119.

Table 3. Average intake of iron, zinc, and copper from food in Japan

		1–6 yrs	(%)	7–14 yrs	(%)	15–19 yrs	(%)	Above 20 yrs
Iron	mg	4.4	57.1	6.6	85.7	7.1	92.2	7.7
Zinc	mg	5.4	67.5	8.6	107.5	9.3	116.3	8
Copper	mg	0.69	60.5	1.07	93.9	1.13	99.1	1.14
Average % of adults	%		61.7		95.7		102.5	100

Table 4. Air concentration of palladium in work place

Place	Concentration	Reference
Refinery	0.001–0.36 µg/m^3	Johnson et al.　[8]
Salt production	0.028 µg/m^3	Same as above　[8]
Production of compound	0.38–11.6 µg/m^3	Kielhorn et al.　[27]
Dental technician	3.5–15 µg/m^3 (0.5–3 µm in diameter) 0.7–1.1 mg/m^3 (total dust)	WHO　[22]
Occupational exposure limits	2 mg/m^3 (respirable particle size)	Japan Society for Occupational Health [28]

Table 5. Committed effective doses by inhalation of airborne particles released from automotive emission control catalysts

		Effective dose (Sv/y) for each age group
		3 months	1 yr	5 yrs	10 yrs	15 yrs	Adults
Type	F	1.85E–16	2.32E–16	1.78E–16	1.98E–16	1.55E–16	1.38E–16
	M	4.63E–16	6.43E–16	5.65E–16	5.72E–16	5.01E–16	4.70E–16
	S	1.57E–15	2.57E–15	2.83E–15	2.98E–15	3.11E–15	3.27E–15

Table 6. Committed effective doses for ingestion of ¹⁰⁷Pd in food and drinking water and for ingestion of dissolved ¹⁰⁷Pd from dental applications

	Effective dose (Sv/y) for each age group
	1 yr	5 yrs	10 yrs	15 yrs	Adults
Food	1.26E–13	6.31E–14	5.66E–14	3.44E–14	2.70E–14
Drinking water	1.42E–15	9.31E–16	7.61E–16	5.92E–16	5.35E–16
Dental applications	n. a.	n. a.	n. a.	n. a.	2.03E–13

Table 7. Committed effective doses for inhalation of airborne dust in the work place

		Effective dose (Sv/y) for adult age group
	Class	1 µm in diameter	5 µm in diameter
Occupational inhalation	F	1.50E–10	1.90E–10
	M	4.61E–10	3.00E–10
	S	3.17E–09	1.67E–09

Table 8. Highest effective doses for each of the four exposure pathways and concentrations of ¹⁰⁷Pd (Bq/g) providing a total exposure of 10 µSv/y

	Highest dose (Sv/y)	Concentration (Bq/g) which may give 10 µSv/y	Specification
Automobile catalyst	3.27E–15	3.06E+ 09	Adult, Class S
Food and drinking water	1.28E–13	7.84E+ 07	1 year age group
Dental appliance	2.03E–13	4.94E+ 07	Adult
Occupational inhalation	3.17E–09	3.16E+ 03	Adult, Class S

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