Estimation of the radiation dose of ¹⁰⁷Pd in palladium products and preliminary proposal of appropriate clearance level

References

• Fujita R Reduction and resource recycling of high-level radioactive wastes through nuclear transmutation, Report of ImPACT program. [cited 2018 Jun 17]. Available from:http://www.jst.go.jp/impact/en/program/08.html
   Google Scholar
• IAEA. Implications of partitioning and transmutation in radioactive waste management, Technical Reports Series No.435. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Nishihara K, Nakayama S, Morita Y, et al. Impact of partitioning and transmutation on LWR high-level waste disposal. J Nucl Sci Technol. 2008;45:84–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito K, Matsui T, Tanaka Y. Recovery of noble metals from insoluble residue of spent fuel. J Nucl Sci Technol. 1986;23:540–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Locke CR, Midorikawa K. Spectroscopic investigation of autoionizing Rydberg states of palladium accessible after oddmass-selective laser excitation. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2017;56:010302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi T, Iwata K, Tanaka S, et al. Lifecycle of palladium in Japan: for setting clearance levels of 107Pd. J Nucl Sci Technol. 2018;55:822–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravindra K, Bencs L, Van Grieken R. Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk. Sci Total Environ. 2004;318(1–3):1–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson DE, Prevost RJ, Tillery JR, et al. Baseline levels of platinum, palladium in human tissue. Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 1976, Report: EPA/600/1-76/019.
   Google Scholar
• Schutyser P, Govaerts A, Dams R, et al. Neutron activation analysis of platiunum metals in ariborne particulate matter. J Radioanal Chem. 1977;37:651–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gertler AW. Preliminay apportionment of the sources of fine particulate impacting on the Israeli coast. Isr J Chem. 1994;34:425–433.
   Google Scholar
• Vlašánkova R, Otruba V, Bendl J, et al. Preconcentration of platinum group metals on modified silicagel and their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in airborne particulates. Talanta. 1999;48:839–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilch J, Schuster M, Schwarzer M. Determination of palladium in airborne particulate matter in a German city. Fresenius J Anal Chem. 2000;367:450–453.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrucci F, Bocca B, Alimonti A, et al. Determination of Pd, Pt and Rh in airborne particulate and road dust by high-resolution ICP-MS: a preliminary investigation of the emission from automotive catalysts in the urban area of Rome. J Anal At Spectrom. 2000;15:525–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch S, Lu M, Morrison GM. Heterogeneity of platinum group metals in airborne particles. Environ Sci Technol. 2001;35:595–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez MB, Gómez MM, Palacios MA. ICP-MS determination of Pt, Pd and Rh in airborne and road dust after tellurium coprecipitation. J Anal At Spectrom. 2003;18:80–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanitsar K, Köllensperger G, Hann S, et al. Determination of Pt, Pd and Rh by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) in size-classified urban aerosol samples. J Anal At Spectrom. 2003;18:239–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zereini F, Alsenz H, Wiseman CL, et al. Platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) in airborne particulate matter in rural vs. urban areas of Germany. concentrations and spatial patterns of distribution. Sci Total Environ. 2012;416:261–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinkovec J, Pehnec G, Godec R, et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of platinum, palladium and rhodium in Zagreb air. Sci Total Environ. 2018;636:456–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection. (1995). Age-dependent doses to members of the public from intake of radionuclides- Part 4 Inhalation dose coefficients. ICRP Publication 71. Ann. ICRP 25 (3–4). Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection. (2012). Compendium of dose coefficients based on ICRP Publication 60. ICRP Publication 119. Ann. ICRP 41 (Suppl.). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Rose M, Baxter M, Brereton N, et al. Dietary exposure to metals and other elements in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study and some trends over the last 30 years, Food Addit. Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010;27(10):1380–1404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Palladium. Environmental Health Criteria Series.226, International Program on Chemical Safety. Geneva: WHO; 2002. p. 201.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. National Health and Nutrient Survey Report (in Japanese). 2018; 58pp.
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection. (1975). Report on the task group on reference man. ICRP 23. Oxford: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Dietary reference intakes. Chapter: summary Tables. 2011. p. 1110. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) [cited 2018 Jul 17]. Available from https://www.nap.edu/read/13050/chapter/24 [in Japanese].
   Google Scholar
• Milheiro A, Nozaki K, Kleverlaan CJ, et al. In vitro cytotoxicity of metallic ions released from dental alloys. Odontology. 2016;104:136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielhorn J, Melber C, Keller D, et al. Palladium – A review of exposure and effects to human health. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2002;205:417–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Japan Society for Occupational Health (JSOH). Recommendation on maximum permissible concentrations (in Japanese). J Occupat Health. 2017;59(5):153–185.
   Google Scholar
• Japan Business Federation, Annual report on working hours and working environment in Japan, 2017. [cited 2018 Aug 17]. Available from:https://www.keidanren.or.jp/policy/2017/055.pdf [in Japanese]
   Google Scholar
• Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation. Mineral Resources, Material Flow 2015. 5. Platinum Group Metals (PMG) [cited 2018 Jul 17]. Available from:http://mric.jogmec.go.jp/public/report/2015-11/05_201511_PGM.pdf [in Japanese]
   Google Scholar