The petrology, geochronology and significance of Granite Harbour Intrusive Complex xenoliths and outcrop sampled in western McMurdo Sound, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Figures & data

Figure 1 Location. A, Outline of ice-covered Antarctic continent. B, Regional setting. The dashed line indicates the western boundary of the West Antarctic Rift System (after LeMasurier 2008). C, Victoria Land. Cenozoic volcanic provinces in Victoria Land include Hallett volcanic province (Hvp), Melbourne volcanic province (Mvp) and Erebus volcanic province (Evp) (Harrington 1958; Kyle & Cole 1974). The pluton names are italicised and are referenced in the text, Fig. 10, and the online supplementary data.

Figure 2 Structures and eruptive centres in Southern Victoria Land. A, Diagram of Southern Victoria Land showing the location of eruptive centres in the Erebus volcanic province including Mount Morning (MM), Mason Spur (MS), Gandalf Ridge (GR), Mount Discovery (MD), Minna Bluff (MB), Brown Peninsula (BP), Black Island (BI), White Island (WI), and Ross Island (RI). The Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Suite (KGAS) is marked (thin dashed outline) along with the approximate area of the extension of Transantarctic Mountain (TAM)-like basement identified in this study (thick dashed ellipse). The Discovery Accommodation Zone is defined by Wilson (1999) as a structural corridor where the axis of the Transantarctic Mountains is displaced between the Dry Valleys block and the Mulock Glacier (Fig. 1), incorporating both the Royal Society and Skelton blocks. The locations of lower crustal granulite xenoliths (Kalamarides et al. 1987) are shown as circles; those with tholeiitic (Ross Sea-like) compositions are light fills with black rims; those with calc-alkalic (Transantarctic Mountain-like) compositions are dark fills with black rims. The Transantarctic Mountain Front (TMF) is seismically mapped (after McGuiness et al. 1985; Barrett et al. 1995). B, A restricted section of the image in panel A. showing the potential extension of the TMF, and the approximate trend of the lower crustal discontinuity, south of the Blue Lineament. The TMF may follow the proposed lower crustal discontinuity trend inferred from lower crustal granulites.

Table 1 Summary of sample petrography.

Rock type	Classification	Protolith	OU#	Colour	Texture	grain size (cm)	Minerals
Metamorphic	Granulite	Granite	OU78656	leucocratic	foliated	0.75	Qtz	Afs	Pl	Cpx
Metamorphic	Granulite	Granodiorite	OU78491	leucocratic	foliated	0.75	Qtz	Afs	Pl	Opx	Zr-tr	Ap-tr
Metamorphic	Granulite	Ulvöspinel Gabbro	OU78496	mesocratic	foliated	0.75	Pl	Cpx	Usp	Opx	Hbl	Spl
Plutonic	Granitoid	-	OU78713	leucocratic	equigranular	1	Qtz	Afs	Pl	Cpx
Plutonic	Nph Alkali Feldspar Syenite	-	OU78682	leucocratic	hiatal	3–1.5	Afs-p	Nph	Amp	Cpx	Pl
Plutonic	Nepheline Syenite	-	OU78657	leucocratic	equigranular	1	Nph	Afs	Aeg
Plutonic	Syenite	-	OU78683	leucocratic	equigranular	1	Afs	Aeg-Aug	Spl
Plutonic	Monzodiorite	-	OU78685	melanocratic	equigranular	1.5	Pl	Sp	Qtz	Afs	Aug
Plutonic	Gabbroic diorite	-	OU78454	melanocratic	equigranular	1	Pl	Cpx	Qtz	Spl
Plutonic	Anorthosite	-	OU78690	leucocratic	equigranular	1	pl	Opx-tr
Plutonic	Kaersutite Gabbro	-	OU78699	mesocratic	equigranular	1	krs	pl	Usp-tr
Plutonic	Gabbro	-	OU78457	mesocratic	equigranular	1	Pl	Cpx	Spl	Qtz
Plutonic	kaersutite Gabbronorite	-	OU78674	mesocratic	porphyritic	2 & 0.1	Pl-p	Opx-p	Cpx-p	Krs-g	Spl-g
Plutonic	Norite	-	OU78663	mesocratic	equigranular	0.5	Pl	Opx	Spl	Krs-tr
Plutonic	Ulvöspinel Gabbro	-	OU78659	mesocratic	equigranular	0.75	Pl	Cpx	Usp	Opx	Hbl	Spl

OU#, Otago University catalogue number. All mineral abbreviations follow Whitney & Evans (2010): Aeg, aegerine; Afs, alkali feldspar; Amp, amphibole; Ap, apatite; Aug, augite; Cpx, clinopyroxene; Hbl, hornblende; Krs, kaersutite; Nph, nepheline; Pl, plagioclase; Qtz, quartz; Spl, spinel; Usp, Ulvöspinel; Zr, zircon. Other abbreviations: g, groundmass; p, phenocryst; tr, trace. Classification of kaersutite is from Martin (2009) and aegerine is from Paulsen (2008). Other minerals are optically determined.

Figure 3 Photographs of field outcrops and thin sections. A, Abundant crustal xenoliths entrained in a phonolitic air fall deposit (163.37.771E; 78.27.245 S). B, A felsic granulite xenolith with characteristic foliation and leucocratic – mesocratic banding (163.49.675; 78.23.901). C, An alkalic syenite xenolith enclosed in volcanic breccia (164.06.094 E; 78.28.286 S). D, Dated specimen OU78656 in hand specimen. E, Thin section photograph in cross-polarised light (XPL) showing the typical texture observed in dated specimen OU78656. F, Thin section photograph in XPL showing the typical texture observed in dated specimen OU78658.

Table 2 Whole rock geochemistry.

OU#	OU78656	OU78658	OU78713	OU78714
Field ID	3G	151E	221b	225b
Association	calc-alkalic	alkalic	calc-alkalic	calc-alkalic
Classification	Metamorphic	Igneous	Igneous	Igneous
Longitude (east)	163.47.373	163.23.352	164.07.112	164.08.080
Latitude (south)	78.22.605	78.29.678	78.20.961	78.20.885
SiO2 wt%	73.34	61.71	74.52	73.68
TiO2	0.26	0.53	0.07	0.09
Al2O3	13.50	13.99	14.69	14.87
Fe2O3 T	2.13	4.07	0.34	0.8
MnO	0.02	0.07	bdl	0.01
MgO	0.46	2.47	0.12	0.23
CaO	1.91	6.39	0.92	0.92
Na2O	2.73	1.56	3.54	3.54
K2O	5.05	8.99	5.83	5.83
P2O5	0.07	0.19	0.04	0.04
Loi%	0.35	0.56	0.5	0.5
Total	99.94	100.76	100.57	100.57
Fe Ratio	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Mg#	43.5	68.4	58.3	53.3
Q	33	8	-	-
A	32	23	-	-
P	30	69	-	-
Sc ppm	3.89	9.29	63.32	3.29
V	22.1	64.0	300	15.4
Cr	20.9	33.2	406	75.1
Co	15.8	34.4	110	26.4
Ni	20.2	28.7	207	48.6
Ga	14.3	13.1	19.5	35.7
Rb	132	264	4.89	108
Sr	117	455	638	400
Y	5.56	42.0	11.4	5.87
Zr	106	78.7	47.6	41.6
Nb	3.20	11.6	2.15	3.92
Ba	415	1200	51.6	1458
La	36.9	29.9	7.27	40.3
Ce	52.7	88.7	18.4	33.4
Pr	4.65	10.5	2.14	2.90
Nd	15.3	44.7	9.25	13.6
Sm	2.56	10.1	4.55	3.80
Eu	0.73	1.08	4.09	0.80
Gd	1.45	8.13	bdl	3.01
Tb	0.23	1.38	1.50	0.71
Dy	1.23	8.31	2.85	2.17
Ho	0.23	1.61	1.06	bdl
Er	0.55	4.27	bdl	bdl
Tm	0.09	0.59	bdl	bdl
Yb	0.80	4.77	bdl	bdl
Lu	0.11	0.58	0.81	0.67
Hf	3.28	2.28	bdl	bdl
Ta	0.11	1.86	bdl	0.59
Pb	27.8	48.7	5.91	32.4
Th	5.39	9.52	bdl	6.25
U	0.87	5.98	bdl	1.16

OU#, Otago University catalogue number.

Figure 4 Whole rock chemistry and normative mineralogy. A, Total alkalis versus silica diagram with field boundaries after Middlemost (1994). The dashed lines represent various alkalic (high alkalis)–sub-alkalic division lines. B, Normative QAP compositions of Mount Morning granulite and alkalic xenoliths compared to the Dry Valley suite (DV) fields of Smillie (1992) and the Koettlitz Glacier Alkaline Suite (KGAS) of Read (2010).

Figure 5 Whole rock chemistry of Mount Morning granulite xenoliths. Field for comparison is the Transantarctic Mountain-like lower crustal granulite xenoliths (TM) and grey circles show Ross Sea-like data from lower crustal granulite xenoliths, after Kalamarides & Berg (1991). A, wt% SiO₂ versus Fe₂O₃. B, wt% Al₂O₃ versus P₂O₅. C, ppm Ba versus Ni.

Figure 6 Whole rock multi element diagrams. A, normal mid ocean ridge basalt, normalised (to the values of Sun & McDonough 1989) extended element plot of calc-alkalic metamorphic sample OU78656, calc-alkalic (labelled as granite) sample OU78714 and alkalic sample OU78658. Other Mount Morning crustal sample patterns are depicted with grey lines. Shown for comparison is a representative analysis of the volcanic host for crustal xenoliths at Mount Morning, OU78540 (Martin et al. 2013). B, A representative analysis from the Fontaine Pluton (Cottle & Cooper 2006b), analyses from the Dry Valleys suites (DV1a, DV1b and DV2; Cox et al. 2000) and a representative analysis of the alkalic (part of the KGAS) A-Type Mulock Glacier Granite (Cottle & Cooper 2006a).

Figure 7 Felsic granulite discrimination plots. Plotted for comparison are the McMurdo Volcanic Group granulite xenolith from Cox et al. (2000) and the Dry Valleys suites of granites (Cox et al. 2000) A, Y+Nb versus Rb plot after Pearce et al. (1984). The Mount Morning data all plot within the volcanic arc granite (VAG) field. B, 10⁴Ga/Al versus Zr plot after Whalen et al. (1987). The Mount Morning data all plot within the I- and S-type field. C, Y versus Sr/Y plot with adakite fields from Defant et al. (2002) and Defant & Drummond (1990) plotted for comparison. Several of the Mount Morning data plot within the adakite field. Shown for comparison are the DV1b adakite-like rocks (Cox et al. 2000), Fontaine Pluton (FP) rocks (Cottle & Cooper 2006b), Fontaine Adakite (FA) rocks (Cottle 2002) and Panorama Pluton rocks (Mellish et al. 2002; Fig. 1C).

Table 3 Mineral chemistry from granulite specimen OU78656.

Category	OU#	–	SiO2	Al2O3	CaO	Na2O	K2O	Total	O	Si	Al	Ca	Na	K	Total	Or	Ab	An	T °C^1	T °C^2
Feldspar
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	59.97	24.36	7.06	7.25	0.70	99.4	32	10.771	5.158	1.359	2.525	0.161	19.984	4.0	62.4	33.6	871	887
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.07	23.77	6.68	6.34	2.03	99.0	32	10.866	5.069	1.295	2.223	0.468	19.932	11.8	55.8	32.5	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.08	23.95	6.79	6.51	1.88	99.3	32	10.840	5.094	1.313	2.277	0.433	19.966	10.8	56.6	32.6	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.40	24.05	6.88	6.45	1.98	99.9	32	10.841	5.088	1.323	2.244	0.453	19.964	11.3	55.8	32.9	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.40	24.07	6.76	6.59	1.83	99.8	32	10.846	5.095	1.301	2.294	0.419	19.965	10.4	57.2	32.4	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.42	24.06	6.84	6.35	2.00	99.8	32	10.849	5.093	1.316	2.211	0.458	19.932	11.5	55.5	33.0	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.54	23.98	6.73	6.70	1.70	99.7	32	10.865	5.073	1.294	2.331	0.389	19.958	9.7	58.1	32.2	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.62	24.12	6.77	7.11	1.32	100.1	32	10.838	5.084	1.297	2.465	0.301	19.997	7.4	60.7	31.9	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.63	24.19	6.81	7.70	0.36	99.8	32	10.831	5.094	1.303	2.667	0.081	19.990	2.0	65.8	32.2	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	60.65	24.07	6.66	7.10	1.23	99.9	32	10.848	5.075	1.276	2.462	0.281	19.971	7.0	61.3	31.8	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	61.22	23.07	5.76	7.26	1.93	99.7	32	11.004	4.888	1.109	2.530	0.443	20.030	10.8	62.0	27.2	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	65.03	18.50	0.53	3.13	12.09	99.4	32	11.947	4.007	0.105	1.115	2.834	20.018	69.9	27.5	2.6	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	65.06	18.37	0.41	3.02	12.18	99.1	32	11.983	3.988	0.080	1.078	2.862	19.997	71.2	26.8	2.0	–	–
Granulite	OU78656	wt%	65.52	18.17	0.33	2.95	12.38	99.4	32	12.023	3.930	0.065	1.050	2.898	19.970	72.2	26.2	1.6	–	–
Category	OU#	–	La	Ce	Pr	Nd	Pm	Sm	Eu	Gd	Tb	Dy	Ho	Er	Tm	Yb	Lu		Ti	T °C^3
Zircon
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	0.07	4.66	nd	1.48	nd	2.28	0.30	12.6	3.80	64.6	15.1	71.2	13.5	126	20.3		23	821
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	0.17	3.80	nd	0.20	nd	1.02	bdl	11.3	4.89	89.2	36.0	216	50.6	558	121		11	747
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	0.68	14.7	nd	3.42	nd	9.36	0.30	69.4	24.7	406	131	688	144	1448	278		21	812
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	bdl	19.1	nd	1.43	nd	2.71	0.13	15.4	4.86	72.5	20.8	101	19.7	187	33.9		43	887
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	0.36	16.4	nd	0.92	nd	3.46	bdl	32.2	12.7	227	80.5	455	101	1068	215		25	830
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	0.08	6.83	nd	0.75	nd	2.46	bdl	20.7	7.81	134	45.5	250	53.9	558	110		10	737
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	bdl	8.59	nd	0.87	nd	2.33	bdl	17.1	6.08	100	31.8	167	34.9	351	66.8		9	732
Granulite	OU78656	ppm	bdl	21.3	nd	2.85	nd	6.07	0.25	37.8	12.4	193	57.0	284	56.8	550	110		11	747

bdl, below detection limit; nd, not determined; OU#, Otago University catalogue number.

¹ Fuhrman & Lindsley (1988) two-feldspar thermometer; ²Elkins & Grove (1990) two feldspar thermometry; ³Watson et al. (2006) Ti in zircon thermometer.

Figure 8 Mineral chemistry from dated specimen OU78656. A, Feldspar ternary diagram. Black line represents the isotherm at 887 °C and 15 kb, based upon the feldspar data with filled symbols. B, Zircon rare earth element data normalised to chondrite (McDonough & Sun 1995).

Table 4 U-Th-Pb isotope data for grains analysed by LA-ICPMS from sample OU78656 and OU78658.

	Signals			Ratios									Isotopic ages
	Th/	Pb	U	^238U/	1σ%	^207Pb/	1σ%	^207Pb/	1σ%	^206Pb/	1σ%	Rho	^207Pb/	2σ abs	^206Pb/	2σ abs	^207Pb/	2σ abs	% conc.
Grain	U	(ppm)	(ppm)	^206Pb		^206Pb		^235U		^238U			^206Pb		^238U		^235U		‡
OU78656
z01	0.43	48	536	11.55	0.41	0.0586	1.43	0.6995	2.64	0.0866	1.06	0.72	552.2	31.2	538.5	14.2	535.3	5.7	100.0
z02	0.48	159	1676	11.05	0.30	0.0585	0.83	0.7295	2.35	0.0905	1.03	0.89	547.7	18.0	556.3	13.1	558.3	5.7	101.0
z04	0.76	68	707	11.55	0.61	0.0616	2.36	0.7351	3.27	0.0865	1.16	0.65	660.2	50.6	559.5	18.3	535.1	6.2	96.0
z07	0.49	122	1309	11.29	0.35	0.0588	1.40	0.7180	2.62	0.0885	1.04	0.81	560.1	30.6	549.5	14.4	547.0	5.7	100.0
z08	0.39	15	166	11.43	0.63	0.0582	2.70	0.7023	3.53	0.0875	1.17	0.54	537.7	59.0	540.1	19.0	540.7	6.3	100.0
z09	0.48	74	792	11.20	0.61	0.0582	2.18	0.7159	3.14	0.0893	1.16	0.60	536.0	47.7	548.3	17.2	551.2	6.4	101.0
z11	0.55	283	3047	11.47	0.36	0.0586	1.12	0.7045	2.48	0.0872	1.05	0.91	552.5	24.5	541.4	13.4	538.8	5.6	100.0
z14	0.60	45	471	11.34	0.53	0.0571	1.92	0.6946	2.96	0.0882	1.12	0.68	496.7	42.4	535.6	15.8	544.8	6.1	102.0
z16	0.76	67	668	11.32	0.39	0.0572	2.13	0.6968	3.07	0.0883	1.06	0.77	499.5	46.9	536.9	16.5	545.7	5.8	102.0
z18	0.62	49	496	11.06	0.50	0.0598	4.49	0.7455	5.03	0.0904	1.14	0.74	596.4	97.3	565.6	28.4	558.0	6.4	99.0
z20	0.47	40	432	11.41	0.59	0.0578	3.78	0.6987	4.41	0.0877	1.16	0.50	522.2	82.9	538.0	23.7	541.7	6.3	101.0
z21	0.36	167	1882	11.40	0.32	0.0588	0.82	0.7107	2.35	0.0877	1.03	0.87	558.2	17.8	545.2	12.8	542.1	5.6	100.0
z22	0.42	87	948	11.23	0.35	0.0591	1.08	0.7255	2.46	0.0890	1.04	0.81	570.3	23.6	553.9	13.6	549.9	5.7	100.0
z23	0.40	21	237	11.57	0.67	0.0580	2.26	0.6905	3.21	0.0864	1.19	0.58	528.2	49.6	533.1	17.1	534.2	6.3	101.0
z24	0.41	225	2499	11.40	0.37	0.0578	0.90	0.6990	2.39	0.0877	1.05	0.89	522.0	19.7	538.2	12.8	542.0	5.7	101.0
z26	0.61	45	477	11.49	0.63	0.0574	2.82	0.6885	3.62	0.0870	1.17	0.52	505.8	62.0	531.9	19.3	538.0	6.3	102.0
z28	0.57	199	2153	11.59	0.47	0.0608	2.95	0.7233	3.70	0.0863	1.11	0.91	632.2	63.6	552.6	20.5	533.5	5.9	97.0
z29	0.58	70	726	11.17	0.36	0.0587	1.42	0.7253	2.62	0.0895	1.04	0.77	557.8	30.9	553.8	14.5	552.8	5.8	100.0
OU78658
t1_01	-	13	397	11.521	1.95	0.0706	1.15	0.8442	2.27	0.0868	1.95	0.86	945	24	537	20	621	21	43
t1_02	-	6	194	11.239	2.07	0.0797	1.22	0.9769	2.40	0.0890	2.07	0.86	1189	24	549	22	692	24	54
t1_03	-	6	190	10.952	2.04	0.0799	1.41	1.0052	2.48	0.0913	2.04	0.82	1194	28	563	22	706	25	53
t1_04	-	6	185	10.888	2.07	0.0777	1.19	0.9833	2.39	0.0918	2.07	0.87	1139	24	566	22	695	24	50
t1_05	-	8	221	10.905	1.91	0.0806	1.13	1.0186	2.22	0.0917	1.91	0.86	1212	22	566	21	713	23	53
t1_06	-	13	389	11.446	1.93	0.0659	1.13	0.7936	2.24	0.0874	1.93	0.86	803	24	540	20	593	20	33
t1_07	-	11	340	11.302	1.83	0.0690	1.00	0.8413	2.09	0.0885	1.83	0.88	898	21	547	19	620	19	39
t1_08	-	13	393	10.975	1.83	0.0675	1.15	0.8473	2.16	0.0911	1.83	0.85	852	24	562	20	623	20	34
t3_01	-	7	223	11.324	2.03	0.0751	1.34	0.9141	2.43	0.0883	2.03	0.83	1071	27	546	21	659	23	49
t3_02	-	7	222	11.426	1.96	0.0799	1.11	0.9637	2.25	0.0875	1.96	0.87	1194	22	541	20	685	22	55
t3_03	-	8	221	10.783	2.25	0.0785	1.47	1.0029	2.69	0.0927	2.25	0.84	1159	29	572	25	705	27	51
t3_04	-	8	224	11.213	2.16	0.0762	1.43	0.9370	2.59	0.0892	2.16	0.83	1101	29	551	23	671	25	50
t3_05	-	8	224	11.224	1.98	0.0766	1.35	0.9408	2.39	0.0891	1.98	0.83	1111	27	550	21	673	23	50
t3_06	-	8	229	11.315	1.79	0.0758	1.00	0.9229	2.05	0.0884	1.79	0.87	1089	20	546	19	664	20	50
t3_07	-	7	226	11.557	2.08	0.0790	1.17	0.9420	2.38	0.0865	2.08	0.87	1172	23	535	21	674	23	54
t3_08	-	7	222	11.151	2.14	0.0780	1.41	0.9645	2.56	0.0897	2.14	0.84	1148	28	554	23	686	25	52
t4_01	-	7	208	11.403	1.99	0.0869	1.25	1.0498	2.36	0.0877	1.99	0.85	1357	24	542	21	729	24	60
t4_02	-	6	183	11.095	2.10	0.0830	1.21	1.0315	2.43	0.0901	2.10	0.87	1270	24	556	22	720	25	56
t4_03	-	7	193	11.062	1.98	0.0841	1.19	1.0472	2.31	0.0904	1.98	0.86	1294	23	558	21	728	24	57
t4_04	-	6	173	11.310	1.94	0.0787	1.07	0.9592	2.22	0.0884	1.94	0.87	1165	21	546	20	683	22	53
t4_05	-	8	208	10.048	2.21	0.1489	3.81	2.0421	4.40	0.0995	2.21	0.50	2333	65	612	26	1130	58	74
t4_06	-	7	185	10.464	2.07	0.1045	1.38	1.3764	2.48	0.0956	2.07	0.83	1706	25	588	23	879	29	66
t4_07	-	7	197	10.981	1.98	0.0818	1.18	1.0267	2.31	0.0911	1.98	0.86	1241	23	562	21	717	23	55
t4_08	-	6	186	11.100	2.00	0.0797	1.47	0.9899	2.48	0.0901	2.00	0.81	1190	29	556	21	699	25	53

‡Concordance percentage (% conc.) calculated by dividing the ²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U date by the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb date and multiplying by 100.

Figure 9 U-Pb geochronology of Mount Morning xenoliths. A, Conventional concordia plot for zircons (OU78656) analysed by the LA-ICPMS method. B, A ²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U plot of data from Fig. 9A with numbers (z1, z2, etc.) linked to the data in Table 4. C, Tera-Wasserburg plot for titanite (OU78658) analysed by the LA-ICPMS method.

Figure 10 Summary compilation of ages from key plutons in the Southern Victoria Land segment of the Transantarctic Mountains. The numbers link to Table S3 with the description of the pluton and appropriate reference. Included for comparison are the two new data from this study (see Fig. 9). The specific references are: Rowell et al. (1993); Turnbull et al. (1994); Hall et al. (1995); Encarnacion & Grunow (1996); Cooper et al. (1997); Cox et al. (2000); Allibone & Wysoczanski (2002); Mellish et al. (2002); Read et al. (2002); Cottle & Cooper (2006b); Veevers et al. (2006); Rocchi et al. (2009); Read (2010); Hagen-Peter et al. (2011); Tulloch & Ramezani (2012).

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