Whole-rock geochemical reference data for Torlesse and Waipapa terranes, North Island, New Zealand

Figures & data

Figure 1 A, Map of New Zealand North and South islands showing distribution of litho-stratigraphic tectonic terranes of the Eastern Province. Data compiled from Coombs et al. (1976), Frost & Coombs (1989), Mortimer et al. (1997), Mortimer et al. (1999), Wandres et al. (2004), Adams et al. (2005), Adams et al. (2009) and Leonard et al. (2010); B, Map of part of North Island showing location of samples described in this paper (see Table 1). TVZ indicates the outline of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (Rowland & Sibson 2001). CVZ is the Coromandel Volcanic Zone (Briggs et al. 2005) and NA the Northland Arc (Hayward et al. 2001); C, Schematic cross-section showing relationship between central North Island composite terranes and the TVZ. The dip inferred for the terrane boundaries in central North Island is based on the occurrence of a metamorphosed Pahau xenolith in a young (28 ka) dacite dome from northeast of Taupo (Charlier et al. 2010), which indicates the presence of Pahau at depth to the west of the eastern surface boundary of the Waipapa Terrane.

Table 1 North Island Torlesse and Waipapa terrane sample locality and stratigraphic and petrographic summary. Grain sizes (to nearest 50 µm) and other petrographic data are from visual examination of unstained thin-sections.

Sample	Terrane	Rock description	Accessory minerals	Q:F:L	Lv/L	Latitude	Longitude	Collectors
P74181	Waipapa Hunua	Medium-grained (400 µm) moderately sorted, subangular Ss	Detrital clinopyroxene, hornblende, biotite.	5:15:80	0.8	−35.2646	174.2942	R. Jongens
P73738	Waipapa Hunua	Fine-grained (150 µm) poorly sorted, subangular Ss	Detrital clinopyroxene, hornblende, biotite. Secondary prehnite.	10:20:70	0.9	−36.9415	175.2035	C.J. Adams, N. Mortimer
P16841	Waipapa Hunua	Mudstone (<63 µm)	–	–	–	−36.4398	174.8325	D. Kear
P43647	Waipapa M’ville	Medium-grained (300 µm), poorly sorted, subangular Ss	Detrital hornblende, biotite. Secondary prehnite.	10:20:70	0.9	−39.0911	175.4952	R.D. Beetham
P60553	Waipapa M’ville	Fine-grained (150 µm) poorly sorted, subrounded Ss	–	–		−38.1992	175.6796	G.W. Grindley
P74272	Waipapa M’ville	Very–fine-grained (100 µm) moderately well sorted, subangular Ss	Detrital biotite, epidote.	20:30:50	0.7	−38.7453	175.5263	A.G. O’Loan
P54716	Waipapa M’ville	Mudstone (<63 µm)	–	–	–	−38.9986	175.3972	N. Mortimer
P75218	Torlesse Kaweka	Medium-grained (400 µm) poorly sorted, subangular Ss	Detrital biotite, muscovite.	30:30:40	0.8	−39.3845	175.8442	N. Mortimer
P54704	Torlesse Kaweka	Fine-grained (200 µm) poorly sorted, subangular schistose Ss	Recrystallised secondary stilpnomelane.	15:35:50	?	−39.1775	175.8099	N. Mortimer
P54720	Torlesse Kaweka	Fine-grained (200 µm) poorly sorted, subangular Ss	Detrital biotite, muscovite	25:35:40	0.9	−39.562	176.0364	N. Mortimer
P69955	Torlesse Kaweka	Fine-grained (200 µm) poorly sorted, subangular schistose Ss	Recrystallised secondary stilpnomelane, sericite	15:30:55	0.8	−39.155	175.8376	N. Mortimer
P54700	Torlesse Kaweka	Mudstone (<63 µm)	–	–	–	−39.2437	175.7929	N. Mortimer
P54721	Torlesse Kaweka	Mudstone (<63 µm)	–	–	–	−39.562	176.0364	N. Mortimer
P73599	Torlesse Pahau	Fine-grained (200 µm) poorly sorted, subangular schistose Ss	Detrital clinopyroxene, biotite. Secondary zeolite.	5:15:80	0.8	−38.3056	177.1309	J. G. Begg, N. Mortimer, D.B. Townsend,
P73609	Torlesse Pahau	Fine-grained (150 µm) poorly sorted, subrounded Ss	Detrital muscovite, biotite.	20:30:50	0.7	−38.0832	177.4753	N. Mortimer
P73612	Torlesse Pahau	Very-fine-grained (100 µm) moderately well sorted, subrounded Ss	Detrital biotite, epidote.	30:40:40	0.5	−38.1056	177.5873	N. Mortimer

Q:F:L, quartz:feldspar:total lithics ratio (matrix free); Lv/L, ratio of volcanic lithics to total lithics; Ss, sandstone.

Figure 2 Variation in abundance of selected major elements (Al₂O₃, MgO and iron as total Fe₂O₃) and K₂O/Na₂O ratio relative to SiO₂ content. All data are normalised to 100% on a volatile free basis. Ss: sandstone; Ms: mudstone. Fields for Waipapa (W) and Torlesse (T) are from the GNS Science PETLAB database. And: average primitive andesite composition from Keleman et al. (2005). L: average Longwood crust representing Median Batholith intra-oceanic arc crust (Price et al. 2011). GL: average global subducting sediment (GLOSS) of Plank & Langmuir (1998). Gr: average composition of Lachlan Fold Belt granites from Chappell & White (1992). UC: estimated upper crustal composition of Rudnick & Gao (2005). Fields shown in D (broken lines) are from Roser & Korsch (1986). PM: passive margin. ACM: active continental margin; ARC: oceanic island arc margin. Broken lines with arrows show mixing trajectories from average granite towards stoichiometric clay, muscovite (Mu) and chlorite (Chl) compositions.

Figure 3 Variation in abundance of selected trace elements relative to SiO₂ content. Acronyms as for Fig. 2.

Table 2 Major and trace element and isotope analyses for Kaweka and Pahau terrane samples. Samples P54704–P54721 are Kaweka and samples P73609–P73599 Pahau. Data shown in italics were obtained by LA-ICP-MS. All other analyses are XRF data. Precision and accuracy for major and trace elements and isotopes are discussed in the text. Gaps in the trace element data indicate that either the element was not analysed or that concentration is below the detection limit. Lithologies are summarised in Table 1.

Sample	P54704	P54720	P69955	P75218	P54700	P54721	P73609	P73612	P73599
	Ss	Ss	Ss	Ss	Mst	Mst	Ss	Ss	Ss
SiO2	68.62	73.98	69.84	70.74	63.41	64.65	64.47	68.38	61.64
TiO2	0.48	0.35	0.50	0.39	0.64	0.62	0.73	0.57	0.81
Al2O3	14.89	13.15	14.47	14.35	16.48	16.69	16.07	14.63	17.10
Fe2O3total	3.88	2.61	3.29	2.91	5.42	5.02	5.37	3.77	5.58
MnO	0.05	0.04	0.06	0.06	0.08	0.05	0.07	0.05	0.08
MgO	1.41	0.73	1.11	1.15	1.72	1.51	1.79	1.16	1.90
CaO	1.21	1.04	1.47	1.54	2.59	1.30	1.82	1.59	2.30
Na2O	5.04	4.59	3.92	3.85	2.07	2.69	4.53	4.66	5.84
K2O	2.16	1.73	3.23	3.42	3.40	3.33	2.70	2.17	1.95
P2O5	0.12	0.08	0.10	0.09	0.16	0.15	0.17	0.14	0.21
H2O^-	0.37	0.28	0.40	0.14	0.80	0.95	0.41	0.67	0.78
LOI	1.47	1.18	1.54	1.27	3.15	2.98	1.85	1.98	1.76
	99.71	99.76	99.93	99.91	99.92	99.94	99.98	99.77	99.95
Cs	6.912	3.089	6.853	4.098	7.459	10.860	2.925	2.006	1.588
Ba	547	376	729	826	626	429	635	499	600
Rb	87	68	110	120	152	171	80	61	57
Sr	277	382	280	405	203	225	463	400	723
Pb	23	27	23	25	32	32	20	14	16
Th	14.483	12.421	19.415	17.991	17.620	19.392	9.544	10.350	6.639
U	2.981	3.226	3.124	4.611	4.260	3.713	2.300	2.003	1.461
Zr	198	182	260	173	190	191	189	235	173
Hf	4.676	5.384	8.257	6.389	5.844	6.184	4.851	6.900	4.024
Ta	1.269	1.365	1.933	1.947	1.361	1.334	0.558	0.858	0.425
Nb	13.511	13.576	16.423	11.712	14.506	15.644	7.556	8.081	6.259
Y	20	23	27	19	34	32	21	19	19
La	35.070	32.695	59.753	36.393	42.757	38.284	19.920	25.782	20.515
Ce	72.331	66.598	107.987	73.608	66.205	78.876	41.650	47.811	41.695
Pr	8.905	7.077	12.746	7.894	9.988	9.320	4.973	5.788	5.006
Nd	31.194	29.474	46.255	28.930	39.840	34.799	19.629	22.778	19.892
Sm	7.379	5.727	9.989	5.050	7.487	7.505	3.940	4.363	4.032
Eu	1.483	1.055	1.116	1.012	1.513	1.133	1.002	1.061	1.279
Gd	4.929	4.505	3.731	3.650	6.244	6.376	3.547	3.707	3.615
Tb	0.556	0.998	0.763	0.670	0.957	0.921	0.532	0.437	0.499
Dy	6.196	4.688	4.868	3.908	5.970	5.974	3.550	3.688	3.210
Ho	0.984	1.080	1.024	0.754	1.277	1.176	0.729	0.639	0.654
Er	2.540	2.409	3.716	2.736	3.649	3.578	2.000	1.955	1.861
Tm		0.529	0.409		0.578	0.549	0.318	0.345	0.251
Yb	2.555		2.767		3.652	3.444	2.173	2.328	1.991
Lu	0.764		0.679		0.548	0.555	0.336	0.356	0.230
Sc	11.778	6.897	9.806	8.872	14.406	12.488	12.705	8.760	14.617
V	63	38	53	54	91	86	101	75	124
Cr	29	18	26	16	41	38	26	26	20
Ni	11	5	5	4	15	15	15	7	13
Cu					9	4	12		16
Zn	63	57	43	50	80	89	64	50	68
Ga	28.408	19.872	23.930	20.945	23.444	22.360	17.928	18.347	18.687
^87Sr/^86Sr	0.708877	0.708006	0.709036	0.708939	0.711819	0.712450	0.705429	0.706148	0.705308
^143Nd/^144Nd	0.512482	0.512412	0.512482	0.512475	0.512404	0.512412	0.512768	0.512690	0.512739
^206Pb/^204Pb	18.872	18.848	18.955	18.890	18.946	18.882	18.814	18.888	18.769
^207Pb/^204Pb	15.641	15.644	15.648	15.642	15.647	15.646	15.612	15.617	15.610
^208Pb/^204Pb	38.743	38.721	38.839	38.773	38.812	38.790	38.663	38.786	38.604

Figure 4 Chondrite-normalised rare earth element patterns for: A, Kaweka; B, Pahau; and C, Waipapa Terrane sandstones and mudstones. These are in each case compared with GLOSS, average global subducting sediment (Plank & Langmuir 1998). Chondritic values are from McDonough & Sun (1995). Filled symbols are mudstones.

Figure 5 Primitive mantle-normalised extended element patterns for: A, Kaweka; B, Pahau; and C, Waipapa Terrane sandstones and mudstones. These are in each case compared with GLOSS, average global subducting sediment (Plank & Langmuir 1998). Primitive mantle values are from McDonough & Sun (1995). Filled symbols are mudstones.

Figure 6 A, Variation in present-day Sr and Nd isotope composition for North Island greywacke samples; B, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd versus Th/Sc for North Island greywacke samples and comparisons with andesite, global subducting sediment and eastern Australian granite averages. Old, upper continental crust has low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and Th/Sc ratios of approximately 1, whereas modern primitive arcs have higher ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd and Th/Sc ratios <1 (Taylor & McLennan 1985; McLennan et al. 1993). K: Kermadec arc; TVZ: Taupo Volcanic Zone (data from Ewart & Hawkesworth 1987; Sutton et al. 1995; Gamble et al. 1996; Smith et al. 2010; Price et al. 2012). Fields for Waipapa (W) and Torlesse (T) include data from McCulloch et al. (1994), Wandres et al. (2004) and Adams et al. (2005). MB: field for Median Batholith (data from Mortimer et al. 1997; Muir et al. 1998; Mortimer et al. 1999; Price et al. 2006). And: average primitive andesite composition from Keleman et al. (2005). L: average Longwood Complex from Southland representing Median Batholith intra-oceanic arc crust (Mortimer et al. 1999; Price et al. 2006). GL: average global subducting sediment (GLOSS) of Plank & Langmuir (1998). UC: estimated isotopic composition of upper crust exposed to weathering (Goldstein & Jacobsen 1988). LFB: the average composition of Lachlan Fold Belt granites (data from McCulloch & Chappell 1982; Eberz et al. 1990; McCulloch & Woodhead 1993; Elburg 1996; Maas et al. 1997; Soesoo 2000; Waight et al. 2000, 2001; Collins et al. 2006). NEFB: average of New England Fold Belt granites from Hensel et al. (1985). Where required, published Nd isotopic data were re-normalised to ¹⁴⁶Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.7219 and adjusted to be consistent with modern CHUR = 0.512638. Curves (solid, dashed) depict schematic mixing trends.

Figure 7 Variation in present-day Pb isotope composition for North Island greywacke samples. Fields for Waipapa (W) and Torlesse (T) include data from Graham et al. (1992) and McCulloch et al. (1994). K: Kermadec arc and TVZ: Taupo Volcanic Zone (data from Ewart & Hawkesworth 1987; Graham et al. 1992; Gamble et al. 1996; Smith et al. 2010; Price et al. 2012). MB: field for Median Batholith (unpublished data of A. Tulloch). And: average primitive andesite composition from Keleman et al. (2005). GL: average global subducting sediment (GLOSS) of Plank & Langmuir (1998). LFB: average composition of Lachlan Fold Belt granites (recalculated from feldspar Pb isotope data of McCulloch & Woodhead 1993). UC: estimate of upper crustal Pb isotope composition from Zartman & Doe (1981). Solid lines between the And, LFB and UC model components depict schematic mixing lines which are straight lines in Pb–Pb isotope space.

Table 3 Major and trace element and isotope compositions for Waipapa terrane samples. Data source and precision as for Table 2.

Sample	P43647	P60553	P74272	P54716	P73738	P74181	P16841
	Ss	Ss	Ss	Ss	Ss	Mst	Mst
SiO2	59.54	62.11	66.08	63.02	61.79	63.13	59.55
TiO2	0.98	0.82	0.72	0.80	0.83	0.84	0.90
Al2O3	16.09	15.64	14.89	17.00	16.54	16.04	18.21
Fe2O3	7.37	6.38	6.45	6.03	6.40	5.03	6.34
MnO	0.11	0.11	0.08	0.06	0.10	0.09	0.27
MgO	2.57	2.61	1.60	1.69	2.44	1.86	2.00
CaO	3.13	3.74	1.54	0.68	3.42	2.30	1.42
Na2O	3.96	3.79	4.90	2.78	3.82	5.08	3.52
K2O	2.23	2.04	0.63	3.05	2.09	2.76	3.85
P2O5	0.22	0.20	0.15	0.16	0.23	0.17	0.25
H2O	0.58	0.32	0.33	0.74	0.45	0.56	0.58
LOI	2.36	2.03	1.70	3.33	1.88	1.26	3.07
	99.15	99.80	99.08	99.34	99.98	99.12	99.96
Cs	1.977	1.934	1.076	6.103	1.945	1.622	6.501
Ba	568	481	150	519	634	693	1305
Rb	68	57	24	120	59	72	122
Sr	619	481	393	159	517	392	195
Pb	19	17	17	15	20	13	21
Th	7.700	5.612	6.400	12.653	6.496	7.785	12.642
U	1.882	1.395	1.566	2.655	1.697	1.853	2.596
Zr	178	137	227	199	155	218	203
Hf	4.075	3.454	4.942	4.631	3.893	5.288	5.284
Ta	0.564	0.457	0.525	0.877	0.491	0.614	0.845
Nb	6.936	4.958	6.084	10.980	6.012	8.404	11.294
Y	23	21	18	20	21	21	31
La	20.157	16.930	18.506	19.512	17.861	24.675	24.995
Ce	43.993	36.902	40.455	46.490	39.067	52.283	57.266
Pr	5.162	4.369	4.445	5.207	4.632	5.800	6.515
Nd	20.871	18.737	17.429	19.759	18.696	23.228	35.509
Sm	4.429	3.998	3.460	3.795	4.106	4.295	5.552
Eu	1.199	1.056	1.040	0.988	1.118	1.372	1.422
Gd	4.098	3.406	2.998	3.187	3.403	3.746	5.339
Tb	0.569	0.588	0.424	0.460	0.568	0.485	0.828
Dy	3.554	3.558	2.811	3.323	3.309	3.400	5.221
Ho	0.745	0.759	0.574	0.683	0.684	0.655	1.045
Er	2.034	2.078	1.637	2.116	1.876	1.861	3.293
Tm	0.302	0.326	0.224	0.372	0.286	0.274	0.495
Yb	2.311	2.163	1.603	2.363	1.954	1.819	3.250
Lu	0.298	0.343	0.260	0.371	0.253	0.274	0.461
Sc	18.435	17.574	10.774	16.305	18.556	11.779	17.342
V	142	120	101	124	142	108	135
Cr	25	18	26	40	23	22	34
Ni	14	7	10	12	13	7	19
Cu	23	26	7	10	23	3	35
Zn	88	70	77	74	78	79	100
Ga	17.583	16.952	14.348	21.547	17.453	17.768	20.858
^87Sr/^86Sr	0.705215	0.704818	0.705420	0.710503	0.704993	0.705643	0.708913
^143Nd/^144Nd	0.512778	0.512761	0.512682	0.512577	0.512739	0.512710	0.512608
^206Pb/^204Pb	18.740	18.739	18.784	18.794	18.775	18.836	18.796
^207Pb/^204Pb	15.611	15.612	15.620	15.631	15.621	15.610	15.627
^208Pb/^204Pb	38.591	38.568	38.636	38.722	38.618	38.748	38.705

Table 4 Estimated compositions for Kaweka, Pahau and Waipapa crustal (in bold) components and comparison with averages (in bold and italics) for global subducting sediment (GLOSS) and upper crust (UC). Major elements normalised to 100%. Sandstone (Ss) and mudstone (Mst) averages are from Tables 2 and 3. n = number of samples included in each estimate. Sandstone and mudstone are assumed to be in the ratio 2:1 (see text).

	Kaweka			Pahau	Waipapa
	Ss	Mst		Ss	Ss	Mst
	(n=4)	(n=2)	Ss:Mst 2:1	(n=3)	(n=5)	(n=2)	Ss:Mst 2:1	GLOSS^1	UC^2^–4
SiO2	72.12	66.70	70.31	64.83	62.53	63.98	63.01	64.86	66.60
TiO2	0.44	0.65	0.51	0.70	0.84	0.89	0.86	0.69	0.64
Al2O3	14.48	17.28	15.41	15.94	15.84	18.38	16.69	13.19	15.40
Fe2O3total	3.23	5.43	3.97	4.91	6.33	6.46	6.37	6.41	5.04
MnO	0.05	0.07	0.06	0.07	0.10	0.17	0.12	0.35	0.10
MgO	1.12	1.68	1.31	1.62	2.22	1.93	2.12	2.75	2.48
CaO	1.34	2.03	1.57	1.90	2.82	1.10	2.25	6.59	3.59
Na2O	4.43	2.48	3.78	5.01	4.31	3.29	3.97	2.69	3.27
K2O	2.68	3.51	2.96	2.27	1.95	3.60	2.50	2.26	2.80
P2O5	0.10	0.16	0.12	0.17	0.19	0.22	0.20	0.21	0.15
Cs	5.2	9.2	6.5	2.2	1.7	6.3	3.2	3.5	4.9
Ba	619	528	589	578	505	912	641	776	628
Rb	96	161	118	66	56	121	78	57.2	82
Sr	336	214	295	529	480	177	379	327	320
Pb	24	32	27	16	17	18	17	19.9	17
Th	16.08	18.51	16.89	8.84	6.80	12.65	8.75	6.91	10.5
U	3.49	3.99	3.65	1.92	1.68	2.63	1.99	1.68	2.7
Zr	203	191	199	199	183	201	189	130	193
Hf	6.2	6.0	6.1	5.3	4.3	5.0	4.5	4.1	5.3
Ta	1.6	1.3	1.5	0.6	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.63	0.9
Nb	13.8	15.1	14.2	7.3	6.5	11.1	8.0	8.9	12
Y	22	33	26	20	21	25	22	30	21
La	41.0	40.5	40.8	22.1	19.6	22.3	20.5	28.8	31
Ce	80.1	72.5	77.6	43.7	42.5	51.9	45.7	57.3	63
Pr	9.2	9.7	9.3	5.3	4.9	5.9	5.2		7.1
Nd	34.0	37.3	35.1	20.8	19.8	27.6	22.4	27	27
Sm	7.0	7.5	7.2	4.1	4.1	4.7	4.3	5.78	4.7
Eu	1.17	1.32	1.22	1.11	1.16	1.21	1.17	1.31	1.0
Gd	4.20	6.31	4.91	3.62	3.53	4.26	3.77	5.26	4.0
Tb	0.75	0.94	0.81	0.49	0.53	0.64	0.57		0.7
Dy	4.91	5.97	5.27	3.48	3.33	4.27	3.64	4.99	3.9
Ho	0.96	1.23	1.05	0.67	0.68	0.86	0.74		0.8
Er	2.85	3.61	3.10	1.94	1.90	2.70	2.17		2.3
Tm	0.47	0.56	0.50	0.30	0.28	0.43	0.33		0.3
Yb	2.66	3.55	2.96	2.16	1.97	2.81	2.25	2.76	2.0
Lu	0.72	0.55	0.66	0.31	0.29	0.42	0.33	0.413	0.31
Sc	9	13	11	12	15	17	16	13.1	14
V	52	89	64	100	122	129	125	110	97
Cr	22	40	28	24	23	37	28	78.9	92
Ni	6	15	9	11	10	16	12	70.5	47
Cu		6	2	14	17	22	18	75	28
Zn	53	85	64	60	79	87	81	86.4	67
Ga	23.3	22.9	23.2	18.3	16.8	21.2	18.3		17.5
^87Sr/^86Sr	0.708715	0.712135	0.709539	0.705628	0.705218	0.709708	0.705916	0.717300	0.71600
^143Nd/^144Nd	0.512463	0.512408	0.512443	0.512732	0.512734	0.512593	0.512676	0.512180	0.51177
^206Pb/^204Pb	18.891	18.914	18.900	18.824	18.775	18.795	18.782	18.913	19.44
^207Pb/^204Pb	15.644	15.647	15.645	15.613	15.615	15.629	15.620	15.673	15.70
^208Pb/^204Pb	38.769	38.801	38.782	38.684	38.632	38.714	38.661	38.899	39.19

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