Provenance of the Pakawau Group and Farewell Formation (Late Cretaceous – Paleocene), Taranaki Basin, northwest Nelson, New Zealand

Figures & data

Figure 1. Geological map of the southern Taranaki Basin, showing key basement lithologies and structures. Coordinates are in degrees and decimal degrees, WGS84. Onshore geology modified from Rattenbury et al. (1998), offshore geology modified from Tulloch and Mortimer (2017), structure from King and Thrasher (1996).

Figure 2. (A) chronostratigraphic diagram showing Late Cretaceous to Paleocene stratigraphy of the Pakawau Sub-basin, after King and Thrasher (1996) and Higgs et al. (2010). (B) summary of northwest Nelson basement ages, showing units discussed in text. Tuhua Intrusives shown as magmatic activity throughout Zealandia after Mortimer et al. (2014), with units discussed in text labelled.

Table 1. Raw clast count data and conglomerate outcrop locations.

Location description	Formation	Latitude (WGS 84)	Longitude (WGS 84)	Clast size	Metasedimentary	Vein quartz	Unweathered granitoids	Weathered granitoid	Volcanics	Grey sedimentary	Cream siltstone	Schist/foliated metamorphics	Chert	Matrix	Total clasts
Paturau River	Rakopi	−40.68299	172.48506	very coarse pebble	100	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	84	100
Paturau River	Rakopi	−40.68262	172.48433	coarse pebble	85	5	0	0	10	0	0	0	0	32	100
Paturau River	Rakopi	−40.68115	172.48390	coarse pebble	141	7	1	0	2	0	0	0	0	42	151
Maori Point	North Cape	−40.58039	172.62572	coarse pebble	115	17	47	0	15	0	0	7	0	57	201
Maori Point	North Cape	−40.48044	172.62569	coarse pebble	152	27	28	0	5	5	0	0	0	51	216
Pecks Point S	North Cape	−40.57292	172.63383	coarse pebble	135	24	36	0	16	5	0	1	0	35	218
Pecks Point S	North Cape	−40.57240	172.63351	coarse pebble	118	22	52	0	13	4	0	5	0	57	214
Pecks Point S	North Cape	−40.57124	172.63069	coarse pebble	128	29	32	1	5	6	0	3	0	44	202
Pecks Point N	North Cape	−40.56900	172.62732	coarse pebble	110	23	35	4	19	11	0	5	0	87	207
Nguroa Road	North Cape	−40.53508	172.63934	very coarse pebble	141	11	37	0	8	0	0	0	0	64	197
Moki Point	North Cape	−40.58139	172.57295	medium pebble	137	37	20	1	6	0	0	6	0	60	207
Moki Point S	Farewell	−40.58476	172.56871	medium pebble	129	28	14	0	7	0	0	3	3	99	184
Oyster Point	Farewell	−40.56664	172.59700	very coarse pebble	139	5	8	0	0	0	0	1	0	99	153
Wharariki S	Farewell	−40.50584	172.66638	very coarse pebble	175	19	0	10	3	13	4	0	0	28	224
Wharariki mid	Farewell	−40.50428	172.67331	very coarse pebble	161	14	1	4	3	13	3	4	0	20	203
Wharariki N	Farewell	−40.50094	172.68008	cobble	150	22	3	4	0	6	15	1	0	66	201
Green Hills S	Farewell	−40.50840	172.65013	very coarse pebble	142	25	20	2	17	3	2	0	1	42	212
Green Hills N	Farewell	−40.50677	172.65497	very coarse pebble-cobble	138	10	10	19	12	10	8	1	0	69	208
Pillar Point	Farewell	−40.50760	172.71212	cobble	152	15	0	16	1	24	10	2	0	134	220
Pillar Point	Farewell	−40.50717	172.71373	cobble	188	15	0	2	2	4	2	0	0	40	213
Pillar Point	Farewell	−40.50459	172.71326	cobble - boulder	177	7	0	3	0	13	8	0	0	37	208
Puponga Point	Farewell	−40.52477	172.73705	very coarse pebble	157	11	0	17	1	19	8	0	0	76	213
Puponga Point	Farewell	−40.52515	172.73781	very coarse pebble	147	14	0	6	1	9	23	2	0	75	202

Table 2. sample: Sample details and location. Full geochemical and petrographic datasets are available online through the Petlab database (Strong et al. 2016), sample ID is provided.

Field sample number	Petlab ID	Sample type	Rock type	Location	Latitude (WGS 84 °S)	Longitude (WGS 84 °E)	Elevation (m)	Thin section stain	Petrographic name	Geochemistry	Granitoid grouping
KR396	UC21174	Basement	Weathered granitoid	Kaituna Route	40.63631	172.55757		No stain	Weakly foliated syeno-granite	XRF	Knuckle Hill basement
KR397	UC21175	Basement	Aplite	Kaituna Route	40.63631	172.55757		No stain	Aplitic quartz-rich granitoid	XRF	Knuckle Hill basement
GH381	UC21179	Clast	Granitoid	Green Hills Beach	40.50677	172.65497		N/A		XRF	S3
Mo027	UC21182	Clast	Weathered granitoid	Moki Point	40.58139	172.57295		N/A		XRF	A
MP038	UC21230	Clast	Granitoid	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		No stain	Foliated monzo-granite	XRF	A
MP039	UC21184	Clast	Granitoid	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		N/A		XRF	S2
MP342	UC21253	Clast	Granitoid	Maori Point	40.48044	172.62569		No stain	Equigranular granodiorite	None
MP343	UC21189	Clast	Granitoid	Maori Point	40.48044	172.62569		N/A		XRF	A
MP356	UC21190	Clast	Granitoid	Maori Point	40.48044	172.62569		No stain	Equigranular syeno-granite	XRF	S3
NR366	UC21257	Clast	Granitoid	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		N/A		XRF	S3
NR367	UC21191	Clast	Granitoid	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		N/A		None
NR368	UC21192	Clast	Granitoid	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		No stain	Equigranular alkali feldspar granite	XRF	S3
NR369		Clast	Granitoid	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		N/A		None
OP071	UC21231	Clast	Granitoid	Oyster Point	40.56664	172.597	46	N/A		XRF	A
OP072	UC21232	Clast	Granitoid	Oyster Point	40.56664	172.597	46	No stain	Foliated quartz-rich granitoid	XRF	A
OP075	UC21233	Clast	Granitoid	Oyster Point	40.56664	172.597	46	No stain	Equigranular syeno-granite	XRF	A
Pi085	UC21195	Clast	Weathered granitoid	Pillar Point	40.50459	172.71326	142	N/A		XRF	High LOI
Pi311	UC21260	Clast	Weathered granitoid	Pillar Point	40.50497	172.71251		No stain	Equigranular syeno-granite	None
Pi312.1	UC21202	Clast	Weathered granitoid	Pillar Point	40.50701	172.71416		No stain	Foliated syeno-granite	XRF	High LOI
Pi314	UC21261	Clast	Weathered granitoid	Pillar Point	40.50701	172.71416		No stain	Equigranular alkali feldspar granite	None
PP147.1	UC21203	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF	S3
PP147.2	UC21204	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		No stain	Equigranular monzo-granite	XRF	S1
PP147.3	UC21205	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF	S1
PP151.1	UC21208	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF	A
PP151.2	UC21209	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF	S3
PP151.3	UC21210	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF	S1
PP156.1	UC21235	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point N	40.569	172.62732		N/A		XRF	A
PP156.2	UC21211	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point N	40.569	172.62732		N/A		XRF	High LOI
PP157.2	UC21236	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point N	40.569	172.62732		N/A		XRF	A
PP166.1	UC21239	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		Plag/K-spar	Porphyritic quartz-rich granitoid	XRF	S1
PP166.2	UC21240	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		Plag/K-spar	Foliated quartz monzonite	XRF	A
PP167	UC21241	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		Plag/K-spar	Equigranular alkali feldspar granite	XRF	S1
PP173	UC21242	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		No stain	Equigranular monzo-granite	XRF	S1
PP183.1	UC21213	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		N/A		XRF	A
PP183.2	UC21214	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		N/A		XRF	A
PP184.1	UC21244	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		No stain	Equigranular syeno-granite	XRF	A
PP187	UC21245	Clast	Pegmatite	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		No stain	Equigranular monzo-granite	XRF	S2
PP188	UC21215	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		N/A		XRF	A
PP288	UC21263	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57089	172.63063		No stain	Foliated syeno-granite	None
PP289	UC21216	Clast	Granitoid	Pecks Point S	40.57089	172.63063		No stain	Equigranular syeno-granite	XRF	S2
Pu223	UC21250	Clast	Granitoid	Puponga (river)	40.52515	172.73747		N/A		XRF	High LOI
Pu225	UC21251	Clast	Weathered granitoid	Puponga (from salt marsh)	40.52595	172.73721	3	No stain	Equigranular syeno-granite	XRF	High LOI
Wh256	UC21217	Clast	Granitoid	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Equigranular monzo-granite	XRF	S3
Wh266	UC21219	Clast	Granitoid	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Foliated monzo-granite	XRF	A
Wh267	UC21220	Clast	Granitoid	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		N/A		XRF	A
Wh273	UC21222	Clast	Granitoid	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Equigranular monzo-granite	XRF	S3
Wh283	UC21227	Clast	Granitoid	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	Equigranular monzo-granite	XRF	A
Mo028	UC21183	Clast	Grey metasediment	Moki Point	40.58139	172.57295		N/A		XRF
MP037	UC21229	Clast	Grey metasediment	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		No stain	quartzite	XRF
OP076	UC21234	Clast	Grey metasediment	Oyster Point	40.56664	172.597	46	N/A		XRF
Pi124.1	UC21196	Clast	Cream metasediment	Pillar Point	40.5076	172.71212	71	N/A		XRF
Pi124.2	UC21197	Clast	Cream metasediment	Pillar Point	40.5076	172.71212	71	N/A		XRF
PP165	UC21238	Clast	Grey metasediment	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		N/A		XRF
Pu214	UC21249	Clast	Grey metasediment	Puponga (river)	40.52477	172.73705		No stain	fine subfeldsarenite	XRF
Pu226	UC21265	Clast	Cream metasediment	Puponga (from salt marsh)	40.52595	172.73721	3	Plag/K-spar	very fine subfeldsarenite	None
Pu228	UC21252	Clast	Quartzite	Puponga (from salt marsh)	40.52595	172.73721	3	No stain	very fine subfeldsarenite	XRF
Wh277.1	UC21226	Clast	Red metasediment	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	fine quartzarenite	XRF
Wh285	UC21271	Clast	Quartzite	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	fine subfeldsarenite	None
GH382	UC21180	Clast	Grey sandstone	Green Hills Beach	40.50838	172.65042		No stain	fine feldsarenite	XRF
MP352	UC21254	Clast	Siltstone	Maori Point	40.48044	172.62569		No stain	siltstone	None
NR370	UC21193	Clast	Siltstone	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		No stain	siltstone	XRF
Pi083	UC21194	Clast	Cream siltstone	Pillar Point	40.50459	172.71326	142	N/A		XRF
Pu210	UC21246	Clast	Cream siltstone	Puponga (river)	40.52477	172.73705		N/A		XRF
Pu212	UC21247	Clast	Cream siltstone	Puponga (river)	40.52477	172.73705		N/A		XRF
Pu227	UC21266	Clast	Cream siltstone	Puponga (from salt marsh)	40.52595	172.73721	3	No stain	siltstone	None
OP073	UC21258	Clast	Schist	Oyster Point	40.56664	172.597	46	No stain		None
GH379	UC21177	Clast	Volcanic	Green Hills Beach	40.50677	172.65497		No stain	Highly altered volcanic	XRF
GH380	UC21178	Clast	Volcanic	Green Hills Beach	40.50677	172.65497		N/A		XRF
MP040.1	UC21185	Clast	Volcanic	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		No stain	Moderately altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	XRF
MP040.2	UC21186	Clast	Volcanic	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	XRF
MP040.3	UC21187	Clast	Volcanic	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		No stain	Silicified alkali feldspar tuff	XRF
MP040.4	UC21188	Clast	Volcanic	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		No stain	Moderately altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	XRF
MP354	UC21255	Clast	Volcanic	Maori Point	40.48044	172.62569		No stain	Moderately altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	None
MP355	UC21256	Clast	Volcanic	Maori Point	40.48044	172.62569		No stain	Silicified rhyolite	None
NR372		Clast	Volcanic	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		No stain	Moderately altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	None
OP074	UC21259	Clast	Volcanic	Oyster Point	40.56664	172.597	46	No stain	Porphyritic andesite/basalt	None
Pi306	UC21198	Clast	Volcanic	Pillar Point	40.50459	172.71326		No stain	Highly altered volcanic	XRF
Pi307.1	UC21199	Clast	Volcanic	Pillar Point	40.50471	172.71303		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	XRF
Pi307.2	UC21200	Clast	Volcanic	Pillar Point	40.50471	172.71303		No stain	Highly altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	XRF
Pi307.3	UC21201	Clast	Volcanic	Pillar Point	40.50471	172.71303		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	XRF
PP150.1	UC21206	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF
PP150.2	UC21207	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		N/A		XRF
PP158	UC21237	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point N	40.569	172.62732		N/A		XRF
PP168.2	UC21212	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		N/A		XRF
PP170	UC21262	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point S	40.57124	172.63069		No stain	siltstone	None
PP182	UC21243	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		N/A		XRF
PP430	UC21264	Clast	Volcanic	Pecks Point S	40.57295	172.63393		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	None
Pu213	UC21248	Clast	Volcanic	Puponga (river)	40.52477	172.73705		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	XRF
Wh255	UC21267	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Moderately altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	None
Wh260	UC21218	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	XRF
Wh271	UC21221	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Porphyritic rhyolite	XRF
Wh272	UC21268	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50655	172.66498		No stain	Moderately altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	None
Wh274		Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		N/A		None
Wh275	UC21223	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	Highly altered porphyritic andesite/basalt	XRF
Wh276.1	UC21224	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	Porphyritic andesite/basalt	XRF
Wh276.2	UC21225	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	Porphyritic andesite/basalt	XRF
Wh276.3	UC21269	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	Porphyritic andesite/basalt	None
Wh278.1	UC21270	Clast	Volcanic	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		No stain	Very highly altered volcanic	None
BR404	UC21272	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pakawau Bush Rd	40.58566	172.66643		No stain
BR408	UC21273	Sedimentary	carbonaceous medium sandstone	Pakawau Bush Rd	40.58646	172.67024		No stain
BR409	UC21274	Sedimentary	carbonaceous fine sandstone	Pakawau Bush Rd	40.58636	172.67017		No stain
BR412	UC21275	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Pakawau Bush Rd	40.58557	172.66942		No stain
BR425	UC21276	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pakawau Bush Rd	40.58339	172.65678		No stain
GH376	UC21277	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Green Hills Beach	40.50666	172.65492		No stain
KR004	UC21278	Sedimentary	sandstone	Kaituna Route	40.62569	172.54549		Plag/Kspar
KR005	UC21279	Sedimentary	sandstone	Kaituna Route	40.62255	172.5466		Plag/Kspar
KR006	UC21280	Sedimentary	sandstone	Kaituna Route	40.62112	172.54668		Plag/Kspar
KR009	UC21281	Sedimentary	sandstone	Kaituna Route	40.61741	172.54915		Plag/Kspar
Mo014	UC21282	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Moki Point S	40.58466	172.56274		Plag/Kspar
Mo021	UC21283	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Moki Point	40.582	172.57254		Plag/K-spar
Mo023	UC21284	Sedimentary	sandstone	Moki Point	40.58123	172.5726		Plag/K-spar
Mo025	UC21285	Sedimentary	sandstone	Moki Point N	40.5793	172.56987		Plag/K-spar
Mo026	UC21286	Sedimentary	sandstone	Moki Point N	40.57837	172.57002		Plag/K-spar
Mo250	UC21287	Sedimentary	very coarse sandstone	Moki Point S				Plag/K-spar
MP029	UC21288	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Maori Point	40.58115	172.62813		K-spar
MP031	UC21289	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.58082	172.62744		K-spar
MP032	UC21290	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.58088	172.62671		K-spar
MP035	UC21291	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Maori Point	40.57991	172.62515		K-spar
MP036	UC21292	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.57964	172.62457		K-spar
MP044	UC21293	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.58039	172.62572		Kspar
MP335	UC21294	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.57981	172.62508		No stain
MP336	UC21295	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.58022	172.62521		No stain
MP338	UC21296	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.58098	172.62718		No stain
MP339	UC21297	Sedimentary	sandstone	Maori Point	40.58105	172.62782		No stain
MR045	UC21298	Sedimentary	sandstone	Mangarakau River	40.63892	172.52156		Kspar
MR048	UC21299	Sedimentary	sandstone	Mangarakau River	40.63692	172.52058		Kspar
MR051	UC21300	Sedimentary	sandstone	Mangarakau River	40.63378	172.51807		K-spar
MR052	UC21301	Sedimentary	sandstone	Mangarakau River	40.6308	172.51698		K-spar
MS053	UC21302	Sedimentary	sandstone	Mangarakau Swamp	40.62236	172.51351		K-spar
MS055	UC21303	Sedimentary	fine sandstone	Mangarakau Swamp	40.62243	172.51366		K-spar
MS056	UC21304	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Mangarakau Swamp	40.62424	172.51216		K-spar
NR363	UC21305	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Nguroa Road	40.53416	172.6386		No stain
NR364	UC21306	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Nguroa Road	40.53508	172.63934		No stain
OP057	UC21307	Sedimentary	fine sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57153	172.59999		Plag/K-spar
OP058	UC21308	Sedimentary	sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57021	172.59891		Plag/K-spar
OP061	UC21309	Sedimentary	sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57072	172.59903		Plag/K-spar
OP065	UC21310	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57005	172.59868		Plag/K-spar
OP069	UC21311	Sedimentary	sandstone	Oyster Point	40.56826	172.59499		Plag/K-spar
OP070	UC21312	Sedimentary	carbonaceous siltstone	Oyster Point	40.56842	172.59563		Plag/K-spar
OP326	UC21313	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57111	172.59909		K-spar
OP327	UC21314	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57107	172.59872		K-spar
OP328	UC21315	Sedimentary	fine to medium sandstone	Oyster Point	40.571	172.59885		K-spar
OP329	UC21316	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57074	172.599		K-spar
OP331	UC21317	Sedimentary	fine to medium sandstone	Oyster Point	40.57003	172.59854		K-spar
Pi079	UC21318	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone, iron staining	Pillar Point	40.50451	172.71342	147	Plag/K-spar
Pi080	UC21319	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50455	172.71336	143	Plag/K-spar
Pi088	UC21320	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50467	172.71317	138	Plag/K-spar
Pi089	UC21321	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50471	172.71304	137	Plag/K-spar
Pi092	UC21322	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50481	172.71266	136	Plag/K-spar
Pi095	UC21323	Sedimentary	fine sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50512	172.7126	128	K-spar
Pi097	UC21324	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50534	172.71281	120	Plag/K-spar
Pi099	UC21325	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50569	172.71336	118	No stain
Pi100	UC21326	Sedimentary	sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50575	172.71347	119	Plag/K-spar
Pi110	UC21327	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50717	172.71358	89	K-spar
Pi115	UC21328	Sedimentary	very coarse sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50721	172.71327	86	K-spar
Pi125	UC21329	Sedimentary	sandstone	Pillar Point	40.5075	172.71233	71	K-spar
Pi127	UC21330	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50778	172.71213	68	K-spar
Pi128	UC21331	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50806	172.71181	65	K-spar
Pi130	UC21332	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50835	172.71167	64	K-spar
Pi134	UC21333	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50952	172.70952	78	K-spar
Pi136	UC21334	Sedimentary	sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50962	172.7093	77	K-spar
Pi138	UC21335	Sedimentary	fine to medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.50984	172.70914	70	K-spar
Pi142	UC21336	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pillar Point	40.51028	172.70879	69	K-spar
Pi144	UC21337	Sedimentary	sandstone	Pillar Point	40.51048	172.70868	67	K-spar
PM388	UC21338	Sedimentary	fine to medium sandstone	Puponga Mine track	40.51951	172.71123		No stain
PP146	UC21339	Sedimentary	sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57292	172.63373		Plag/K-spar
PP153	UC21340	Sedimentary	fine to medium sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56885	172.62675		Plag/K-spar
PP164	UC21341	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.5715	172.63129		Plag/K-spar
PP174	UC21342	Sedimentary	fine to medium sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57165	172.63258		Plag/K-spar
PP175	UC21343	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point				Plag/K-spar
PP176	UC21344	Sedimentary	siltstone and fine sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56875	172.62827		Plag/K-spar
PP177	UC21345	Sedimentary	fine sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56877	172.6284		Plag/K-spar
PP180	UC21346	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57151	172.63144		Plag/K-spar
PP190	UC21347	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.5724	171.63351		Plag/K-spar
PP295	UC21348	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.5688	172.62836		K-spar
PP296	UC21349	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56879	172.62799		K-spar
PP299	UC21350	Sedimentary	very coarse sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56897	172.62694		K-spar
PP301	UC21351	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56865	172.6264		K-spar
PP304	UC21352	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point N	40.56866	172.62637		K-spar
PP426	UC21353	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57295	172.63393		No stain
PP427	UC21354	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57251	172.63367		No stain
PP428	UC21355	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57181	172.63306		No stain
PP429	UC21356	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Pecks Point S	40.57143	172.63228		No stain
PR199	UC21357	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Paturau River	40.67077	172.47702		Plag/K-spar
PR200	UC21358	Sedimentary	sandstone	Paturau River	40.68246	172.48485		Plag/K-spar
Pu203	UC21359	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52448	172.73679		K-spar
Pu207	UC21360	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52477	172.73705		Plag/K-spar
Pu215	UC21361	Sedimentary	sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52495	172.73706		K-spar
Pu216	UC21362	Sedimentary	sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52503	172.73721		Plag/K-spar
Pu218	UC21363	Sedimentary	sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52517	172.73747		K-spar
Pu219	UC21364	Sedimentary	sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52515	172.73763		Plag/K-spar
Pu221	UC21365	Sedimentary	sandstone	Puponga (river)	40.52514	172.73781		K-spar
TH232	UC21366	Sedimentary	sandstone	Te Hapu Rd, Westhaven	40.60671	172.5191		No stain
TH235	UC21367	Sedimentary	medium to coarse sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61396	172.51363		Plag/K-spar
TH236	UC21368	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61239	172.51353		Plag/K-spar
TH240	UC21369	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.6127	172.5136		Plag/K-spar
TH241	UC21370	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61105	172.51498		Plag/K-spar
TH415	UC21371	Sedimentary	fine sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61504	172.51328	85	No stain
TH417	UC21372	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.6132	172.51181		No stain
TH419	UC21373	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61843	172.51054	19	No stain
TH421	UC21374	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61843	172.51054	19	No stain
TH422	UC21375	Sedimentary	fine sandstone	Te Hapu Rd	40.61893	172.50946	12	No stain
Wh242	UC21376	Sedimentary	sandstone	Wharariki mid	40.50445	172.67331	1	Plag/K-spar
Wh244	UC21377	Sedimentary	sandstone	Wharariki S	40.50626	172.66519	1	Plag/K-spar
Wh245	UC21378	Sedimentary	sandstone	Wharariki S	40.50579	172.66606	11	Plag/K-spar
Wh268	UC21379	Sedimentary	coarse sandstone	Wharariki S	40.50657	172.66472		K-spar
Wh269	UC21380	Sedimentary	medium sandstone	Wharariki S	40.50644	172.66579		K-spar

Figure 3. Clast count results organised by outcrop location, with locations discussed in text labelled. Geological map modified from Rattenbury et al. (1998).

Figure 4. Clast count results organised into approximate stratigraphic position, with oldest conglomerates to the left.

Figure 5. Quartz-feldspar-lithics (QFL) diagram after Folk et al. (1970), showing composition of the metasedimentary clasts in the North Cape and Farewell formations compared to basement sources. Clasts are divided into their textural groups. Data source: Golden Bay Group Strong et al. (2016), see methods for details; Greenland Group Laird (1972); Baton Group Strong et al. (2016); Ellis Group original work from thin sections UC16743-UC16746, Strong et al. (2016); Mount Arthur Group Strong et al. (2016); Haupiri Group Pound et al. (1993).

Figure 6. Selected photomicrographs showing metasedimentary clast mineralogy and textures in plane- (PPL) and cross-polarised light (CPL). Scale bar is 200 μm. (A) Wh285 (CPL), metasedimentary clast with sutured quartz (Q: quartz). (B) Pu226 (CPL), metasedimentary clast with sutured quartz (Q: quartz) in a silt matrix. (C/D) Wh277.1 (PPL/CPL), metasedimentary clast, subangular very fine sandstone with dirty grain boundaries. (E) Pu227.1 (CPL), cream coloured sedimentary clast with fine silt quartz and clay matrix. Vein in centre filled with quartz.

Figure 7. (A) Plot of K₂O/Na₂O against SiO₂, after Roser et al. (1996), comparing the major element geochemistry of the Takaka and Buller Terrane sedimentary and metasedimentary units to metasedimentary clasts. Clasts are grouped by petrographic texture. (B) Major element provenance discrimination plot (Roser and Korsch 1988) of metasedimentary clast samples compared to basement sources. Mount Arthur and Mount Patriarch Group have anomalously high F1 and F2 due to calcareous biogenic components increasing CaO. F1 = −1.773 TiO₂ + 0.607 Al₂O₃ + 0.76 Fe₂O₃^T −1.5 MgO + 0.616 CaO + 0.509 Na₂O −1.224 K₂O − 9.09; F2 = 0.445 TiO₂ + 0.07 Al₂O₃−0.25 Fe₂O₃^T −1.142 MgO + 0.438 CaO + 1.475 Na₂O + 1.426 K₂O − 6.861.

Figure 8. Spider diagrams for metasedimentary clasts compared to key basement sources. Normalised to average post-Archean shale (APAS) of Taylor and McLennan (1985).

Figure 9. Selected photomicrographs showing granitoid clast mineralogy and textures in cross-polarised light. Scale bar is 200 μm. (A) PP184.1, equigranular (syeno)-granite clast with perthitic alkali feldspar. (B) Wh273, weathered equigranular (monzo)-granite, with feldspar crystals partially replaced by kaolinite and indeterminate clays. Titanite crystal is replaced by opaques. Quartz crystals have undulose extinction and are unaltered. (C) MP038, foliated porphyritic (syeno)-granite clast with perthitic alkali feldspar. Medium-grained matrix with foliation (top-left to bottom-right) shown by biotite. Q: quartz; Kf: alkali feldspar; Pl: plagioclase; B: biotite; Ti: titanite replaced by opaques.

Figure 10. Quartz-alkali feldspar-plagioclase IUGS classification of granitoid clast petrography (Le Maitre 2004). Clasts are grouped based on the petrographic texture (indicated by colour, blue denotes equigranular, n = 16, red foliated, n = 1, and black foliated porphyritic, n = 10) and on the trace element geochemistry (symbol shape). Knuckle Hill data from this study, other basement data from Strong et al. (2016).

Figure 11. Chondrite normalised spider diagram of granitoid clasts with (A) trace element geochemistry similar to the Separation Point Suite, (B) trace element geochemistry dissimilar to either the Separation Point Suite or the Karamea Suite, and (C) likely A-type geochemistry compared to the Foulwind Suite including granitoids intersected by offshore wells. Samples with LOI >2 wt.% are excluded as these are likely to be affected by weathering. Chondrite data from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Figure 12. Ternary diagram of alkali major element geochemistry for the granitoid clast samples compared to potential basement sources.

Figure 13. Selected photomicrographs showing volcanic clast mineralogy and textures in cross-polarised light. Scale bar is 200 μm. (A) OP074, porphyritic volcanic clast with plagioclase and alkali feldspar phenocrysts in a fine-grained crystalline groundmass. (B) MP040.4, porphyritic volcanic clast with pseudomorphed amphibole phenocrysts replaced by chlorite, diagnosed by their characteristic six-sided habit. Darker, equant phenocrysts are interpreted as pseudomorphed pyroxene. (C) MP040.3, silicified tuff clast. Embayed quartz crystal (bottom middle). Matrix has silicified, cuspate glass shards. Q: quartz; Kf: alkali feldspar; Pl: plagioclase; A: (pseudomorphed) amphibole; Px: (pseudomorphed) pyroxene.

Figure 14. N-MORB normalised spider diagram for all available trace elements in the volcanic clasts compared to Takaka Terrane volcanics and to average OIB. Element order after Pearce et al. (1984), N-MORB and OIB data from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Figure 15. Photomicrograph of schist clast (OP073) with foliated quartz, biotite, clays. In cross-polarised light, scale bar is 200 μm.

Figure 16. Quartz-feldspar-lithic (QFL) diagram after Folk et al. (1970) showing overall composition and lithic composition of samples from the (A) Rakopi, (B) North Cape and (C) Farewell formations. Data from Browne et al. (2008) and outcrop sample data from Higgs et al. (2010) is shown as grey symbols. Metasedimentary lithics are grouped with sedimentary lithics on lithic ternary plot. Points are shaded according to the approximate stratigraphic position of the samples.

Figure 17. (A) Sandstone tectonic setting discrimination diagram after Dickinson et al. (1983). Note that this diagram is intended for medium sandstones, coarse and very coarse sandstones are typically enriched in lithics and fine and very fine sandstones are depleted. (B) Quartz provenance discrimination plot after Basu et al. (1975). Data points are shaded according to approximate stratigraphic position.

Figure 18. Photomicrographs of sandstones showing key components. All photomicrographs in cross-polarised light. (A) PR200, schist lithics in Otimataura Conglomerate sandstone from the Paturau River. (B) BR408, Otimataura Conglomerate sandstone from the Pakawau Bush Road, with sedimentary and metasedimentary lithics in an organic rich silt matrix. (C) PP144, North Cape Formation sandstone with subrounded grains in porous matrix. Volcanic lithic (centre) has plagioclase laths. (D) Wh269, Farewell Formation sandstone with moderately sorted subangular texture, in centre of view is siltstone lithic with high birefringent clay minerals. (E) PP296, very fine sandstone lithic (outline) with quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains. (F) PP296, equigranular plutonic lithic (outlined) with microcline, plagioclase, quartz, and biotite. Qz: quartz; Poly: polycrystalline quartz; K: alkali feldspar; Plag: plagioclase feldspar; Bio: biotite; Musc: muscovite; Chl: chlorite; Opq: opaque; Org: organic matter; Sed: (meta)sedimentary lithic; Volc: volcanic lithic; Sch: schist lithic; Plut: plutonic lithic.

Figure 19. Maps showing transport pathways of conglomerate clast types for (A) the North Cape Formation and (B) the Farewell Formation, flow directions interpreted from conglomerate clast provenance and outcrop of source material. See Figure 1 for map legend.

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the Petlab database at http://pet.gns.cri.nz/, collection numbers UC21170–UC21400