Approaches to studying: changes during a three-year undergraduate study program

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants in each of the study years by education program.

	First study year	Second study year	Third study year
Trondheim	56	53	54
Oslo	24	31	47
Sandnes	31	25	30
Bergen	33	24	24
Gjøvik	19	18	24
Tromsø	24	17	21
Total	187	168	200

Table 2. Study approach scales (estimated marginal means) at the three assessment points.

Study approaches	Years of study
	1st year M (95% CI)	2nd year M (95% CI)	3rd year M (95% CI)
Deep approach	56.7 (55.4-58.0)	57.9 (56.6-59.2)	58.4 (57.1-59.7)
Strategic approach	70.9 (69.4.72.5)	70.9 (69.3-72.4)	70.9 (69.5-72.4)
Surface approach	47.3 (45.9-48.8)	45.1 (43.6-46.6)	44.7 (43.1-46.2)

Note. The estimated marginal means are adjusted for age and study efforts.

Table 3. Study approach scale scores: tests of fixed effects.

Variables	Deep approach		Strategic approach		Surface approach
	F statistics	p-value	F statistics	p-value	F statistics	p-value
Intercept	368.67	< 0.001	565.91	< 0.001	336.89	< 0.001
Age	15.88	< 0.001	0.15	0.70	6.63	< 0.05
Sex	4.61	< 0.05	4.91	< 0.05	1.12	0.29
Study efforts	6.95	< 0.01	17.19	< 0.001	1.70	0.19
Education institution	1.40	0.23	3.63	< 0.01	0.69	0.63
Time	5.40	< 0.01	0.00	> 0.99	10.1	< 0.001

Note. ‘Education institution’ refers to differences in scale scores between the education institutions. ‘Time’ refers to changes in scale scores over time.