Profiles of reading fluency and spelling skills: stability and change across the early school years

Figures & data

Table 1. Correlations and descriptive statistics for measures in reading fluency and spelling in Grades 1, 2 and 3.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	Min	Max	Skewness	Kurtosis
1. Word reading 1	1	.845	.761	.915	.816	.777	.930	.850	.800	.574	.651	.687	0	81	0.599	0.148
2. Word reading 2		1	.828	.786	.868	.805	.802	.867	.804	.466	.573	.625	3	85	0.241	−0.103
3. Word reading 3			1	.714	.782	.860	.706	.774	.832	.404	.500	.567	4	95	0.126	−0.028
4. Pseudoword 1				1	.818	.786	.904	.803	.770	.542	.612	.631	0	63	0.480	0.280
5. Pseudoword 2					1	.873	.774	.829	.780	.414	.519	.554	3	65	0.222	−0.115
6. Pseudoword 3						1	.732	.767	.797	.369	.473	.521	0	76	0.198	0.442
7. Text reading 1							1	.870	.804	.629	.701	.704	2	177	1.108	1.421
8. Text reading 2								1	.890	.577	.665	.697	0	222	0.734	1.376
9. Text reading 3									1	.506	.610	.659	30	247	0.609	0.587
10. Spelling 1										1	.703	.654	1	20	0.472	0.164
11. Spelling 2											1	.745	5	20	−0.250	−0.686
12. Spelling 3												1	4	20	−1.359	2.284

Note. All correlations are significant at p < 0.001.

Table 2. Information criteria values for different class solutions for Grades 1, 2 and 3.

Classes	AIC	BIC	PVLMR	Entropy	Group sizes
Grade 1
1	2656.575	2673.160			467
2	2398.808	2427.832	0.0000	0.851	373, 94
3	2364.011	2405.474	0.0054	0.666	235, 158, 74
4	2349.300	2403.202	0.3252	0.829	25, 12, 104, 326
5	2341.107	2407.448	0.8613	0.776	297, 10, 86, 50, 24
6	2330.872	2409.652	0.0254	0.705	6, 134, 50, 205,48, 24
Grade 2
1	2656.575	2656.575			467
2	2491.860	2520.884	0.0000	0.672	210, 257
3	2441.710	2483.173	0.0004	0.705	248, 60, 159
4	2425.021	2478.923	0.3521	0.715	168, 58, 53, 188
5	2414.695	2481.036	0.0526	0.791	6, 81, 157, 135, 88
6	2405.826	2484.606	0.1605	0.792	7, 57, 87, 121, 71, 124
Grade 3
1	2656.575	2673.160			467
2	2470.640	2470.640	0.0094	0.857	64, 403
3	2374.043	2415.506	0.0291	0.803	36, 282, 149
4	2350.716	2404.618	0.4046	0.693	123, 33, 217, 94
5	2307.248	2373.589	0.0042	0.759	5, 40, 129, 215, 78
6	2298.378	2377.158	0.3122	0.778	11, 3, 201, 35, 138, 79

Note. The optimal model in bold.

Table 3. Performance in reading fluency and spelling in Grades 1, 2 and 3 based on z-scores.

	Low			Average			High			F(3,467)	p	ŋ^2
	n			n			n
	M	SD	95% CI	M	SD	95% CI	M	SD	95% CI
							Grade 1
	158			235			74
Reading fluency	−0.95	0.45	[−1.02, −0,88]	0.10	0.46	[0.04, 0.15]	1.71	0.58	[1.59, 1.86]	801.606	*	0.776
Spelling	−0.82	0.58	[−0.91, −0.73]	0.08	0.66	[0.00, 0.17]	1.48	0.73	[1.31, 1.65]	324.069	*	0.583
							Grade 2
	159			248			60
Reading fluency	−0.85	0.68	[−0.96, −0.75]	0.15	0.61	[0.07, 0.22]	1.65	0.54	[1.50, 1.80]	358.332	*	0.607
Spelling	−1.09	0.56	[−1.18, −1.00]	0.38	0.57	[0.31, 0.45]	1.31	0.39	[1.21, 1.41]	546.816	*	0.702
							Grade 3
	36			149			282
Reading fluency	−1.37	0.77	[−1.63, −1.12]	−0.60	0.65	[−0.72, −0.51]	0.49	0.82	[0.40, 0.60]	160.609	*	0.409
Spelling	−2.44	0.73	[−2.68, −2.19]	−0.60	0.45	[−0.67, −0.52]	0.63	0.38	[0.58, 0.67]	990.879	*	0.409

Figure 1. Reading fluency and spelling profiles