Autonomy need satisfaction and frustration during a learning session affect perceived value, interest, and vitality among higher education students

Figures & data

Table 1. Means and standard deviations for study variables.

Variable	M	SD	Min	Max	Range
Autonomy satisfaction	4.48	1.44	1	7	6
Autonomy frustration	5.20	1.27	1	7	6
Vitality	4.29	1.47	1	7	6
Value	4.63	1.02	2	7	5
Interest	4.09	1.62	1	7	6

Note: All items were scored on a scale from 1 (not true at all) to 7 (very true). The means are averaged across all students and item responses.

Table 2. Within- and between-person correlations of study variables.

Variable	1	2	3	4	5
L1: Within level
1 Autonomy satisfaction	1
2 Autonomy frustration	−.54	1
3 Interest	.50	−.09	1
4 Vitality	.62	−.43	.58	1
5 Value	.36	−.17	.41	.45	1
L2: Between level
1 Autonomy satisfaction	1
2 Autonomy frustration	−.22	1
3 Interest	.27	−.19	1
4 Vitality	.39	−.27	.30	1
5 Value	.14	−.12	.17	.18	1

Note: All are significant at a p-level of  < .05.

Table 3. Overview of coefficients (β), ICC, AIC, and BIC for the three different model approaches to each regression model (linear model, linear model with random intercept and fixed effects, and linear model with random intercept and random effects). Correlation coefficients between random effects and random intercepts are given by r.

Model	β0	β1	ICC	AIC	BIC	r
AS → VIT
Linear model	1.55	.61		1178.3	1190.1
Random intercept and fixed slope		.57	.23	1172.2	1187.8
Random intercept and random slope	Ϯ	–	–	–	–	–
AS → INT
Linear model	1.88	.49		1339.5	1351.3
Random intercept and fixed slope		.30	.70	1169.6	1185.3
Random intercept and random slope			.80	1170.9	1194.4	−.74
AS → VAL
Linear model	3.71	.20		1039.6	1051.4
Random intercept and fixed slope		.15	.52	958.9	974.5
Random intercept and random slope			.67	961.8	985.3	−.69
AF → VIT
Linear model	6.50	−.43		1290.5	1302.3
Random intercept and fixed slope		−.37	.38	1251.3	1266.9
Random intercept and random slope			.40	1253.3	1276.8	−.85
AF → INT
Linear model	4.85	−.14		1413.6	1425.4
Random intercept, fixed slope		−.16	.67	1201.1	1216.7
Random intercept and random slope			.79	1203.1	1226.6	−.53
AF → VAL
Linear model	5.24	−.12		1064.4	1076.1
Random intercept and fixed slope		−.10	.55	969.8	985.5
Random intercept and random slope	Ϯ	–	–	–	–	–

Note: AS = autonomy satisfaction; AF = autonomy frustration; VIT = vitality; INT = interest; VAL = value; Ϯ = singular fits.

Figure 1. Autonomy satisfaction (a) and frustration (b) as a function of the three time measurements (T₁ = 10 minutes, T₂ = 40 minutes, and T₃ = 90 minutes) for 10 random students in the study.

Note: ID corresponds to individual students.