Dynamics of regional diversification: a new approach using trademark data

Figures & data

Table 1. Variable definitions.

Type	Definition	Level
Response variable
Domestic trademarking (ln)	Count of applications in Norway in a given year filed by Norwegian firms (log)	Industrial sectors and location
Offset variable
GDP_county_industry_ln	Gross value of the production of goods and services (log)	Industrial sectors and county
Continuous explanatory variables
trademarking_from abroad (ln)	Number of applications in Norway in a given year filed by foreign firms (log)	Industrial sectors and location
new-firm-formation (ln)	Number of newly registered enterprises (log)	Industrial sectors and location
enterprises_ln	Number (log) of enterprises in given sector	Industrial sectors
employees_ln	Number (log) of employees in given sector	Industrial sectors
turnover_mean_ln	Mean (log) turnover in given sector	Industrial sectors
Binary explanatory and control variables
1.capital_city	Metropolitan Oslo Region
2.second_cities	Other major metropolitan areas
3.rural_towns	Rural mid-sized towns
4.periphery	Peripheral regions
20.Counties Year	County1 … County20 Year2008 … Year2017

Table 2. Overview of the variables.

Year	sum(domestic TMs)	sum(firms)	sum(newfirms)	med(turnover)	mean(GCP)
2008	3570	297,532	12,241	2075	10,712
2009	3470	262,928	10,666	2304	11,699
2010	3641	273,907	12,302	2407	12,379
2011	3461	287,195	14,813	2291	11,952
2012	3503	305,790	22,084	2256	12,869
2013	3614	321,654	23,040	1957	13,595
2014	4063	335,677	25,097	2005	14,272
2015	4190	349,763	27,856	1756	14,748
2016	4364	362,058	30,203	1748	15,151

Note: TMs, trademarks.

Table 3. Multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial regressions, models 1–3.

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)	Coefficient (SE)
trademarking from abroad (ln)	0.485***	0.086	0.066
	(0.179)	(0.237)	(0.244)
new-firm-formation(ln)	0.164***
	(0.026)
Centrality effects relative to capital
capital region	Reference	Reference	Reference
other major metropolitan areas	−0.307	−0.358*	−0.371*
	(0.222)	(0.200)	(0.196)
mid-sized towns	−0.864***	−0.965***	−0.940***
	(0.209)	(0.191)	(0.189)
peripheral areas	−2.043***	−2.012***	−1.936***
	(0.227)	(0.208)	(0.206)
New firms by sector
newfirm(ln) in manufacturing		0.137***	0.149***
		(0.029)	(0.030)
newfirm(ln) in services		0.319***	0.282***
		(0.052)	(0.056)
newfirm(ln) in other sectors		0.115***	0.103***
		(0.035)	(0.035)
Number of firms by sector
enterprises(ln) in manufacturing		0.161***	0.192***
		(0.023)	(0.073)
enterprises(ln) in services		0.095***	0.057
		(0.018)	(0.149)
enterprises(ln) in other sectors		0.162***	−0.004
		(0.021)	(0.050)
Turnover by sector
turnover(ln) in manufacturing			0.154***
			(0.035)
turnover (ln) in services			−0.035
			(0.038)
turnover (ln) in other sectors			0.031***
			(0.009)
Employees by sector
employees(ln) in manufacturing			−0.124**
			(0.050)
employees(ln) in services			0.110
			(0.131)
employees(ln) in other sectors			0.155***
			(0.038)
Intercept	−9.828***	−8.327***	−8.812***
	(1.082)	(1.406)	(1.448)
lnalpha	−3.834***	−3.766***	−3.766***
	(0.123)	(0.120)	(0.118)
var(_cons[id])	0.900***	0.698***	0.647***
	(0.091)	(0.070)	(0.064)
Observations	3656	3656	3656

Note: ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 Standard errors are shown in parentheses. Dummies for industry, year and county are included but not reported.

Figure 1. Annual average predicted means by centrality and sector.