Dynamics of regional diversification: a new approach using trademark data

REFERENCES

• Aarstad, J., Kvitastein, O. A., & Jakobsen, S.-E. (2016). Related and unrelated variety as regional drivers of enterprise productivity and innovation: A multilevel study. Research Policy, 45(4), 844–856. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.01.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroncelli, E., Fink, C., & Javorcik, B. S. (2004). The global distribution of trademarks: Some stylized facts (Policy Research Working Papers). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00706.x
   Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. (2015). Do spinoff dynamics or agglomeration externalities drive industry clustering? A reappraisal of Steven Klepper’s work. Industrial and Corporate Change, 24(4), 859–873. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtv024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. (2017). Relatedness as driver of regional diversification: A research agenda. Regional Studies, 51(3), 351–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1254767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma, R., & Frenken, K. (2011). The emerging empirics of evolutionary economic geography. Journal of Economic Geography, 11(2), 295–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbq053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capasso, M., Iversen, E. J., Klitkou, A., & Sandven, T. (2019). Which region to choose for an industrial policy? A research path to highlight restructuring opportunities. European Planning Studies, 27(8), 1461–1482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1588855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaldi, C. (2020). All the great things you can do with trademark data: Taking stock and looking ahead. Strategic Organization, 18(3), 472–484. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127019847835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaldi, C., Block, J., & Flikkema, M. J. (2020). Editorial: Why and when do firms trademark? Bridging perspectives from industrial organisation, innovation and entrepreneurship. Industry and Innovation, 27(1–2), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1685376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, W. M., & Malerba, F. (2001). Is the tendency to variation a chief cause of progress? Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(3), 587–608. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/10.3.587
   Google Scholar
• D’Agostino, L. M., & Schiavo, S. (2019). Trademarks and firm competitiveness: An empirical analysis of the world top R&D spending companies. Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics (DRUID).
   Google Scholar
• Degrazia, C. A. W., Myers, A., & Toole, A. A. (2019). Innovation activities and business cycles: Are trademarks a leading indicator? Industry and Innovation, 27(1–2), 184–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2019.1650252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drivas, K. (2020). The role of technology and relatedness in regional trademark activity. Regional Studies. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1808883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duranton, G., & Puga, D. (2001). Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1454–1477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder, J. (2019). Innovation in the periphery: A critical survey and research agenda. International Regional Science Review, 42(2), 119–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017618764279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, R. H., & Lengyel, B. (2019). Co-worker networks and agglomeration externalities. Economic Geography, 95(1), 65–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2018.1498741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitjar, R. D., & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2020). Where cities fail to triumph: The impact of urban location and local collaboration on innovation in Norway. Journal of Regional Science, 60(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flikkema, M., Castaldi, C., De Man, A.-P., & Seip, M. (2019). Trademarks’ relatedness to product and service innovation: A branding strategy approach. Research Policy, 48(6), 1340–1353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.01.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenken, K., Oort, F. V., & Verburg, T. (2007). Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth. Regional Studies, 41(5), 685–697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400601120296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch, M., & Wyrwich, M. (2021). Is innovation (increasingly) concentrated in large cities? An international comparison. Research Policy, 50(6), article 104237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2021.104237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E., Kallal, H., Scheinkman, J., & Shleifer, A. (1992). Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, 100(6), 1126–1152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/261856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhalgh, C., & Rogers, M. (2012). Trade marks and performance in services and manufacturing firms: Evidence of Schumpeterian competition through innovation. Australian Economic Review, 45(1), 50–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2011.00665.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillitsch, M., & Nilsson, M. (2015). Innovation in peripheral regions: Do collaborations compensate for a lack of local knowledge spillovers? The Annals of Regional Science, 54(1), 299–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-014-0655-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grillitsch, M., & Nilsson, M. (2017). Firm performance in the periphery: On the relation between firm-internal knowledge and local knowledge spillovers. Regional Studies, 51(8), 1219–1231. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1175554
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, L. C. (2008). Statistics with STATA. Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Herstad, S. J. (2018). Innovation strategy choices in the urban economy. Urban Studies, 55(6), 1185–1202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017692941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herstad, S. J., Solheim, M. C., & Engen, M. (2019). Learning through urban labour pools: Collected worker experiences and innovation in services. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 51(8), 1720–1740. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19865550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo, C. A., Klinger, B., Barabasi, A. L., & Hausmann, R. (2007). The product space conditions the development of nations. Science, 317(5837), 482–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen, E. J. (2008). IPRs and Norwegian enterprises: Diversification of innovative efforts in Norwegian firms. In E. G. Carayannis, A. Kaloudis & Å. Mariussen (Eds.), Diversity in the knowledge economy and society: Heterogeneity, innovation and entrepreneurship (pp. 191–216). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Klepper, S. (2010). The origin and growth of industry clusters: The making of Silicon Valley and Detroit. Journal of Urban Economics, 67(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2009.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogler, D. F., Rigby, D. L., & Tucker, I. (2013). Mapping knowledge space and technological relatedness in US cities. European Planning Studies, 21(9), 1374–1391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.755832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg, C. (2005). Trademarks statistics as innovation indicator? –A micro study (Working Paper No. 17). Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University. https://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/lucirc/2005_017.html
   Google Scholar
• Mangani, A. (2007a). Measuring variety and quality of products with trademarks. International Economic Journal, 21(4), 613–631. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10168730701699109
   Google Scholar
• Mangàni, A. (2007b). Technological variety and the size of economies. Technovation, 27(11), 650–660. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça, S., Pereira, T. S., & Godinho, M. M. (2004). Trademarks as an indicator of innovation and industrial change. Research Policy, 33(9), 1385–1404. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2004.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narula, R. (2002). Innovation systems and ‘inertia’ in R&D location: Norwegian firms and the role of systemic lock-in. Research Policy, 31(5), 795–816. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00148-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neffke, F., & Henning, M. (2013). Skill relatedness and firm diversification. Strategic Management Journal, 34(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neffke, F., Henning, M., & Boschma, R. (2011a). How do regions diversity over time? Industry relatedness and the development of new growth paths in regions. Economic Geography, 87(3), 237–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01121.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neffke, F., Henning, M., Boschma, R., Lundquist, K.-J., & Olander, L.-O. (2011b). The dynamics of agglomeration externalities along the life cycle of industries. Regional Studies, 45(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343401003596307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petralia, S., Balland, P.-A., & Morrison, A. (2017). Climbing the ladder of technological development. Research Policy, 46(5), 956–969. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, A. (2015). Origination: The geographies of brands and branding. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Pose, A. (2013). Do institutions matter for regional development? Regional Studies, 47(7), 1034–1047. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.748978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sæther, B., Isaksen, A., & Karlsen, A. (2011). Innovation by co-evolution in natural resource industries: The Norwegian experience. Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences, 42(3), 373–381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sáiz, P., & Zofío, J. L. (2021). The making and consolidation of the first national trademark system: The diffusion of trademarks across Spanish regions, 1850–1920. Regional Studies. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1887472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schautschick, P., & Greenhalgh, C. (2016). Empirical studies of trade marks – The existing economic literature. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 25(4), 358–390. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2015.1064598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumpeter, J. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seip, M., Castaldi, C., Flikkema, M., & De Man, A. P. (2018). The timing of trademark application in innovation processes. Technovation, 72–73, 34–45. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2018.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearmur, R. (2015). Far from the madding crowd: Slow innovators, information value, and the geography of innovation. Growth and Change, 46(3), 424–442. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearmur, R., & Doloreux, D. (2016). How open innovation processes vary between urban and remote environments: Slow innovators, market-sourced information and frequency of interaction. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(5–6), 337–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2016.1154984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, E., & Jensen, P. (2004). Patterns of trademarking activity in Australia (WP2004N02). Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2013). World intellectual property report brands – Reputation and image in the global marketplace. WIPO.
   Google Scholar
• Zolas, N. J., Lybbert, T. J., & Bhattacharyya, P. (2017). An ‘algorithmic links with probabilities’ concordance for trademarks with an application towards bilateral IP flows. The World Economy, 40(6), 1184–1213.
   Google Scholar