On the persistence and complementarities of design and technological change: a regional perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1. PATINT and DESINT across five quintiles: averages, 2000–12.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

	PATINT	RCDINT	TDMINT	EDUC	DENS	TDIV	ΔGDP
Mean	1.35	0.31	1.04	22.82	584.53	0.81	236.1
SD	1.85	0.37	1.67	7.93	1400.2	0.21	941.3
Skewness	3.1	4.2	11.8	0.3	6.2	−2.6	3.3
Kurtosis	20.0	35.0	229.3	3.4	59.4	9.9	65.4

Table 2. Correlation matrix.

	PATINT	RCDINT	TDMINT	EDUC	DENS	TDIV
RCDINT	38%
TDMINT	45%	47%
EDUC	15%	5%	19%
DENS	6%	8%	25%	19%
TDIV	28%	19%	24%	12%	7%
ΔGDP	4%	6%	15%	9%	22%	6%

Figure 2. Orthogonalized impulse response functions (IRFs): bivariate panel vector autoregression (PVAR).

Note: Graphs are based on the best-fit model selected by the J-test and the model information criteria.

Table 3. Panel vector autoregression (PVAR) bivariate results.

Variable	PVAR(1)		PVAR(2)		PVAR(3)
	Eq. PATINT	Eq. DESINT	Eq. PATINT	Eq. DESINT	Eq. PATINT	Eq. DESINT
PATINTt–1	0.29*** (0.03)	0.06*** (0.01)	0.24*** (0.02)	0.04** (0.02)	0.23*** (0.03)	0.02 (0.02)
PATINTt–2	–	–	0.13*** (0.02)	0.02 (0.02)	0.11*** (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)
PATINTt–3	−	−	−	−	0.13*** (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)
DESINTt–1	0.13*** (0.03)	0.23*** (0.02)	0.14*** (0.02)	0.21*** (0.02)	0.18*** (0.03)	0.17*** (0.02)
DESINTt–2	−	−	0.12*** (0.02)	0.08*** (0.02)	0.12*** (0.03)	0.05*** (0.02)
DESINTt–3	−	−	−	−	0.1*** (0.02)	0.03* (0.02)
EDUC	−0.17*** (0.01)	0.15*** (0.01)	−0.24*** (0.01)	0.11*** (0.01)	−0.3*** (0.02)	0.1*** (0.02)
DENS(+)	−0.25** (0.12)	0.05 (0.06)	−0.21* (0.12)	0.07 (0.08)	−0.24 (0.18)	0.05 (0.09)
TDIV	6.69*** (1.76)	−1.45* (0.74)	4.66*** (1.14)	−1.41 (0.87)	4.64*** (1.71)	−1.46 (1.19)
ΔGDP(++)	0.25 (0.17)	0.04 (0.10)	0.44*** (0.15)	0.2** (0.09)	0.67*** (0.17)	0.26*** (0.10)
Regions	938	938	861	861	801	801
Observations	5829	5829	4818	4818	3934	3934

Note: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01; t-statistics, in parentheses, are based on robust standard errors. All models include time and regional fixed effects. Shaded areas indicate the results based on the best-fit models selected by the J-test and the model information criteria.

Figure 3. Orthogonalized impulse response functions (IRFs): trivariate panel vector autoregression (PVAR).

Figure 4. Panel vector autoregression (PVAR) for above and below median quality of government index (EQI) and regional entrepreneurship and development index (REDI) regions.