Surveillance by oral fluid of drugs subject to misuse among individuals under arrest

Figures & data

Table 1. Vendors for ELISA screening kits

ELISA Screening Panel	Vendor	Catalog Number
Amphetamine	Immunalysis	209–0480
Methamphetamine	Immunalysis	211–0480
THC	Immunalysis	224–0480
Cocaine	Immunalysis	212–0480
Opiates	Immunalysis	207–0480
Benzodiazepines	Immunalysis	214–0480
Barbiturates	Neogen	130615
Methadone	OraSure	114211 C
PCP	Immunalysis	208–0480
Oxycodone	Immunalysis	221–0480
Fentanyl	Immunalysis	218–0480
Buprenorphine	Immunalysis	236–0480
Ketamine	Immunalysis	240–0480
Tramadol	Immunalysis	225–0480
Carisoprodol	Immunalysis	231–0480
Methylphenidate	Immunalysis	219–0480
Mitragynine	Randox	MT3489
Synthetic Cannabinoids	Randox	PAC10046
Synthetic Cathinones	Immunalysis	BSA-1000

Table 2. Sample characteristics

	%	(n)
Gender^a		(191)
Female	24.1	(46)
Male	75.9	(145)
Age		(189)
18–29	42.9	(81)
30–39	29.6	(56)
40–49	17.5	(33)
50–59	6.3	(13)
60 and over	3.7	(7)
Race/Ethnicity		(191)
White, non-Hispanic	55.0	(105)
Black, non-Hispanic	29.8	(57)
Hispanic	94	(10)
Biracial/Native American/Arabic	5.8	(14)

^aIncludes one individual who identified as trans female and one individual who identified as trans male.

Table 3. Charges at time of booking (n= 196)

	%	(n)
Charges^a
Failure to appear	30.1	(59)
Violent	22.4	(44)
Driving while impaired	11.2	(15)
Driving impaired by alcohol	3.6	(7)
Driving impaired by drugs	0.5	(1)
Driving impaired by alcohol or drugs (indefinite)	7.1	(16)
Friend of the court (e.g., child welfare)	9.7	(17)
Probation/parole/bond violation	8.7	(18)
Controlled substance(s)	8.2	(19)
Disorderly	7.7	(20)
Property	7.7	(20)
Traffic violation (excluding impairment)	4.6	(9)
Weapons violation	1.5	(3)

^aUp to two charges were coded for the table. Only eight individuals had more than two charge categories; the most serious were included.

Table 4. Drug positives at time of booking^a (n = 196)

	% (n)	95% CI
Cannabis^b	53.1 (104)	[45.8, 60.3]
Methamphetamine	26.5 (52)	[20.5, 33.3]
Cocaine^c	9.2 (18)	[5.5, 14.1]
Opioids	10.7 (21)	[6.8 15.9]
Fentanyl^d	3.6 (7)	[1.4, 7.2]
6-MAM (heroin)	2.0 (4)	[0.6, 5.1]
Buprenorphine	2.0 (4)	[0.6, 5.1]
Methadone^e	1.5 (3)	[0.3, 4.4]
Morphine (excluding 6-MAM)	1.0 (2)	[0.1, 3.6]
Hydrocodone	0.5 (1)	[0.01, 2.8]
Tramadol	0.5 (1)	[0.01, 2.8]
Other opiate	0.5 (1)	[0.01, 2.8]
Synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”)	1.5 (3)	[0.3, 4.4]
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)^f	1.0 (2)	[0.1, 3.6]
Benzodiazepines^g	1.0 (2)	[0.1, 3.6]
Synthetic cannabinoids	0.5 (1)	[0.01, 2.8]
Tricyclic anti-depressants (TCA)	0.5 (1)	[0.01, 2.8]
Mitragynine (“kratom”)	0.5 (1)	[0.01, 2.8]

^aDrugs and drug metabolites for which specific tests were conducted and had no positives are as follows: phencyclidine (PCP), ephedrine (Bronkaid, Sudafed), MDMA (Ecstasy, Molly), MDA (Adam), MDEA (Eve), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), 7-aminoclonazepam, lorazepam (Ativan), propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet), norbuprenorphine, oxycodone, propoxyphene, carisoprodol (Soma), ketamine, methylphenidate (e.g, Ritalin), and barbiturates.

^bdelta09-tetrahydrocannabinoid (THC)

^cIncludes positives for the parent drug, benzoylecgonine (BZE), ecgonine methyl ester (EME), and cocaethylene.

^dIncludes norfentanyl

^eIncludes EDDP (methadone metabolite)

^fIncludes gluoxetine (e.g., Prozac, Sarafem) and sertraline (i.e., Zoloft)

^gIncludes positive benzodiazepine ELISA screen, diazepam, nordiazapam, temazepam

Table 5. Drug use by legality (n = 196)

	%	(n)	95% CI
Any illegal drug use^a
No illegal drug use	64.3	(126)	[57.1, 71.0]
Yes, illegal drug use	35.7	(70)	[29.0, 42.9]
Any possibly illegal drug use (i.e. possibly unprescribed)^b
No possibly illegal drug use	90.3	(177)	[85.3, 94.1]
Yes, possibly illegal drug use	9.7	(17)	[5.9. 14.7]
Any legal drug use^c
No legal drug use	45.9	(90)	[38.8, 53.2]
Yes, legal drug use	54.1	(106)	[46.8, 61.2]
Overall drug use^d
No drug use	26.5	(52)	[20.5, 33.3]
Used at least one drug	73.5	(144)	[66.7, 79.5]

^aRefers to any of the illegal drugs listed in Table 4 (i.e., methamphetamine, cocaine, fentanyl, 6-MAM (heroin), synthetic cathinones, and synthetic cannabinoids

^bSome drugs were considered “possibly illegal” because they may have been taken illegally or without a valid prescription for the individual. The following drugs in table 4 are defined as possibly illegally used: Morphine (excluding 6-MAM), buprenorphine, methadone, hydrocodone, tramadol, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), benzodiazepines, and tricyclic anti-depressants (TCA).

^cRefers to any of the following legal drugs: cannabis (THC) or mitragynine.

^dRefers to any drug use (i.e., illegal, possibly illegal, or legal).