Political participation profiles

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics political participation items.

	N	Proportion ‘yes’
Voted in national election	2155	0.89
Voted in local election	2037	0.79
Voted in national referendum	2219	0.74
Signed petition	2204	0.24
Voted in local referendum	2204	0.17
Attended public hearing	2204	0.08
Contacted politician	2204	0.07
Digitally networked participation	2204	0.06
Party member	2204	0.05
Neighbourhood engagement	2204	0.04
Protest participation	2194	0.03
Part of action group	2204	0.01

Source: CentERdata 2019; Jacobs 2018.

Figure 1. Conditional probabilities LCA.

Source: CentERdata 2019; Jacobs 2018.

Table 2. Goodness of fit statistics LCA.

	# classes	# parameters	DF	BIC	Log-likelihood
Model 3	3	38	2181	14114.540	−6910.878
Model 4	4	51	2168	14111.110	−6859.083
Model 5	5	64	2155	14110.420	−6808.654
Model 6	6	77	2142	14179.600	−6793.166
Model 7	7	90	2129	14254.420	−6780.494
Model 8	8	103	2116	14331.590	−6768.995

N = 2219; Models with 1,2, >8 classes have higher BICs.

Source: CentERdata 2019; Jacobs 2018.

Table 3. Hypotheses.

		HNa active insiders	HNb expressive voters	HNc faithful voters	HNd expressive outsiders	HNe inactive citizens
Motivations
H1x	Evaluations of system	+	+	+	−	−
H2x	Political interest	+	+	0	+	−
H3x	Internal efficacy	+	+	−	+	−
Resources
H4x	Education	+	+	0	+	−
H5x	Time	+	−	0	+	0
Cojoined effects
H6x	Resources/efficacy* Evaluation/interest	Strengthening	Strengthening	No moderation	Strengthening	No moderation

Table 5. AME of FMLR on participation profiles.

	Active insiders		Expressive voters		Faithful voters		Expressive outsiders		Inactive citizens
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Motivations
Positive evaluation of institutions	0.004	(0.005)	−0.009	(0.006)	0.049***	(0.011)	−0.010*	(0.005)	−0.034***	(0.009)
Political interest
No	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Fair	0.074***	(0.019)	0.048**	(0.015)	0.014	(0.029)	0.012	(0.009)	−0.099***	(0.026)
High	0.025*	(0.013)	0.103***	(0.024)	−0.028	(0.039)	0.026^a	(0.015)	−0.176***	(0.032)
Internal efficacy	0.029***	(0.006)	0.015*	(0.006)	−0.025*	(0.011)	−0.004	(0.004)	−0.014^a	(0.008)
Resources
Education
Primary school	−0.030**	(0.011)	−0.011	(0.025)	−0.065	(0.047)	0.019	(0.020)	0.088^a	(0.047)
Intermediate secondary	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
Higher secondary	0.041*	(0.018)	0.027	(0.022)	−0.016	(0.038)	0.027^a	(0.014)	−0.079*	(0.031)
Intermediate vocational	0.038**	(0.014)	0.026	(0.017)	−0.046	(0.03)	0.003	(0.010)	−0.021	(0.027)
Higher vocational	0.041**	(0.013)	0.036*	(0.017)	−0.026	(0.03)	0.022^a	(0.012)	−0.074**	(0.026)
University	0.079***	(0.02)	0.060*	(0.024)	0.010	(0.039)	0.009	(0.014)	−0.158***	(0.029)
Time constraints: hours per week
0	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
1 to 11	0.003	(0.013)	0.037*	(0.016)	0.017	(0.029)	0.008	(0.014)	−0.065**	(0.025)
12 to 29	0.043*	(0.021)	0.053*	(0.023)	−0.069^a	(0.039)	0.009	(0.017)	−0.036	(0.031)
30 to 49	0.015	(0.018)	0.054*	(0.022)	−0.036	(0.038)	−0.004	(0.014)	−0.029	(0.031)
> 50	0.062*	(0.025)	0.079**	(0.028)	−0.081^a	(0.045)	−0.016	(0.014)	−0.044	(0.035)
Control variables
Age	0.002	(0.010)	0.000	(0.001)	0.005***	(0.001)	−0.001***	(0.000)	−0.003***	(0.001)
Married (ref, Not married)	−0.035**	(0.010)	−0.022^a	(0.012)	0.056**	(0.021)	−0.008	(0.008)	−0.029	(0.018)
Female (ref, Male)	−0.059**	(0.018)	0.030	(0.013)	0.037^a	(0.021)	−0.009	(0.009)	−0.022	(0.018)
Children in household (ref, no children)	−0.008	(0.012)	−0.023	(0.021)	0.072*	(0.036)	−0.011	(0.013)	0.022	(0.029)
Paid Work (ref, No paid work)	−0.001	(0.003)	0.007	(0.014)	−0.002	(0.024)	0.005	(0.009)	−0.002	(0.020)
Income decile	−0.060	(0.029)	−0.005	(0.003)	0.011*	(0.005)	0.001	(0.002)	−0.006	(0.004)

^a p < 0.1; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Source: CentERdata 2019; Jacobs 2018.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics explanatory variables (N = 1777).

	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Political motivations
Positive evaluation of political institutions	0.000	0.943	−2.022	2.162
Political interest
No	0.170		0	1
Fair	0.186		0	1
High	0.644		0	1
Internal efficacy	0.000	1.071	−1.545	1.496
Resources
Time constraints: h/w
0	0.397		0	1
1 to 11	0.140		0	1
12 to 29	0.111		0	1
30 to 49	0.250		0	1
> 50	0.102		0	1
Education
Primary	0.057		0	1
Intermediate secondary	0.216		0	1
Higher secondary	0.114		0	1
Intermediate vocational	0.243		0	1
Higher vocational	0.251		0	1
University	0.118		0	1
Control variables
Paid work (ref. No)	0.460		0	1
Income decile	4.539	2.865	0	9
Children in household (ref. None)	0.327		0	1
Married (ref. Not married)	0.556		0	1
Age	37.824	16.772	0	82
Female (ref. Male)	0.519		0	1

Source: CentERdata 2019; Jacobs 2018.

CentERdata (2019). LISS Core Study: Politics and Values [Data Files and Codebooks]. Retrieved from

 Google Scholar

Jacobs, K. (2018). WIV Referendum 2018: Third Measurement [Data File and Codebook].

 Google Scholar

Data availability statement

The datafiles that are used for this study are available after registration at https://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ and https://www.lissdata.nl/. All code, with annotations, that was used for the analyses can be found at the OSF repository: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/YNBMV.