Walking for transportation in large Latin American cities: walking-only trips and total walking events and their sociodemographic correlates

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics stratified by city.

	Mexico City 2017	Bogota 2019	Santiago de Chile 2012	Sao Paulo 2017	Buenos Aires 2010
Sample Size N	188,564	63,244	56,326	82,239	65,403
Population N^a	19,690,219	8,939,564	6,190,953	19,356,755	12,044,417
Total (%^a)	100	100	100	100	100
Sex (%^a)
Men	48.2	46.9	48.8	47.1	47.5
Women	51.8	53.1	51.2	52.9	52.5
Age (%^a)
<18	20.4	18.9	19.6	18.4	22.4
18–29	20.8	22.1	21.3	20.9	19.8
30–64	49.0	47.0	48.3	51.3	44.9
65=<	9.8	12.0	10.8	9.4	12.9
Age-appropriate education level (%^a)
No	16.3	19.5	13.2	29.3	41.2
Yes	83.5	80.5	85.9	70.7	58.5
SES (%^a)
Low	56.4	46.7	26.9	40.5	27.6
Middle	30.6	34.7	29.6	36.8	40.4
High	13.1	18.5	43.4	21.6	31.9
Car ownership (%^a)
No	57.0	64.8	48.8	42.2	59.6
Yes	43.0	35.2	51.2	57.8	40.4

^a Weighted using survey-specific population weights.

Table 2. Estimated marginal means of individual walking-only trip indicators stratified by city and adjusted by sociodemographic variables in the analysed cities.

	Daily walking-only trips per capita (WOT)					% of all trips that are walking-only (%WOT)					Daily time spent in walking-only trips (TWOT)					% of population meeting WHO PA guidelines from walking-only trips on weekdays (%GT)
	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10
Total	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.4	32.1	37.7	28.6	23.3	27.7	9.0	12.6	7.0	6.4	6.9	10.4	12.6	7.7	7.1	7.5
Sex
Men	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.3	22.7	30.4	23.3	22.4	22.0	6.6	9.9	6.1	6.2	5.6	6.1	9.5	6.0	6.2	5.3
Women	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	41.2	44.2	33.6	24.1	33.6	11.2	15.0	7.8	6.6	8.0	14.4	15.4	9.3	7.8	9.6
Age
<18	1.0	0.9	0.6	1.0	0.8	57.8	59.2	41.9	47.4	51.0	14.6	17.9	10.2	13.0	11.4	4.2	8.6	3.8	3.7	3.2
18–29	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.3	21.5	27.0	20.4	20.2	19.6	6.6	9.5	5.1	6.3	5.7	10.5	11.5	7.3	9.0	9.0
30–64	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.3	25.0	31.3	24.7	20.3	18.4	8.0	11.7	6.3	5.6	5.6	12.6	13.5	8.2	8.1	8.8
65=<	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.2	0.3	37.4	45.3	39.6	12.8	30.4	7.6	14.0	8.1	2.6	5.1	12.4	17.0	12.0	4.6	8.4
Age-appropriate education level
No	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.4	40.2	46.1	38.7	22.8	28.1	10.2	15.5	7.7	6.4	6.5	16.3	17.2	10.9	9.4	9.2
Yes	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	30.8	36.0	27.0	23.5	27.5	8.8	11.9	6.8	6.4	7.2	9.3	11.5	7.1	6.3	6.2
SES
Low	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	36.7	46.2	37.8	30.1	40.3	10.5	15.9	8.6	8.9	9.3	11.9	15.3	9.3	9.6	8.8
Middle	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	28.5	32.3	28.5	21.9	25.7	7.6	11.0	6.8	5.8	6.3	9.2	11.1	7.5	6.3	7.0
High	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	17.5	27.2	20.7	17.5	19.3	4.8	8.3	5.6	4.3	5.2	5.9	9.4	6.5	5.2	7.0
Car ownership
No	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.5	39.1	44.3	33.8	30.2	34.0	11.1	15.2	7.9	9.1	7.9	12.8	14.8	9.0	10.2	8.6
Yes	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.3	22.6	26.7	21.9	19.2	19.5	6.2	8.4	5.8	4.8	5.3	7.2	9.1	5.9	5.2	5.8

All figures are for weekdays. P-values of differences in the estimated values can be found in Supplemental Table S6.

Table 3. Estimated marginal means of individual walking-only trip purposes stratified by city and adjusted by socio-demographic variables in the analysed cities.

	% Work or study					% Errands					% Recreational destinations
	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10	MX17	BO19	SC12	SP17	BA10
Total	26.4	19.8	19.4	36.5	29.2	21.9	24.8	25.9	13.1	17.4	2.9	8.9	7.0	8.1	4.2
Sex
Men	40.4	26.2	27.6	41.6	37.8	9.5	18.3	17.5	8.1	9.8	3.3	9.7	9.3	10.3	5.0
Women	18.1	15.4	14.1	31.8	23.0	29.3	29.2	31.3	17.7	22.9	2.7	8.5	5.6	6.1	3.7
Age
<18	46.9	41.5	35.9	47.2	45.8	2.9	5.5	6.6	3.5	2.1	1.5	4.9	6.5	1.2	2.7
18–29	19.0	15.7	19.4	35.3	21.1	27.4	27.9	25.4	14.7	22.7	4.0	10.9	8.9	9.7	6.4
30–64	13.8	10.7	14.2	33.1	16.8	34.2	34.8	33.9	16.4	30.5	2.9	8.7	6.7	11.1	4.1
65=<	7.1	3.4	3.0	16.3	3.6	38.5	34.3	40.6	28.6	38.6	7.5	16.4	6.9	13.9	8.7
Age-appropriate education level
No	12.1	8.4	7.3	28.1	18.7	35.6	34.1	37.9	20.8	26.9	3.8	10.3	4.9	3.9	4.9
Yes	29.3	22.6	21.9	38.8	35.3	19.1	22.5	23.4	11.0	11.9	2.8	8.6	7.5	9.2	3.8
SES
Low	27.2	21.1	15.6	34.4	32.0	21.5	24.6	28.3	15.3	15.1	2.4	7.1	6.3	2.8	2.9
Middle	24.8	18.9	20.5	37.2	27.9	23.0	25.3	24.6	12.9	18.0	3.6	9.8	6.3	6.1	4.6
High	24.3	16.7	23.9	39.0	26.9	21.9	24.9	23.9	10.1	20.0	5.4	13.7	9.0	17.4	5.7
Car ownership
No	27.4	20.8	18.4	34.8	29.5	21.4	24.4	27.0	15.2	17.6	2.5	8.1	5.8	4.6	4.1
Yes	24.0	17.2	21.3	38.0	28.8	23.2	26.1	24.0	11.3	16.8	3.8	11.1	9.3	11.0	4.5

All figures are for weekdays. Trips conducted to return home and trips characterised as “others” are considered in the calculations but not displayed on the table. P-values of differences in the estimated values can be found in Supplemental Table S7.

Table 4. Estimated marginal means of individual walking event indicators stratified by city and adjusted by socio-demographic variables in the analysed cities.

	Daily total walking events per capita (TWE)			% of all events that are walking (%TWE)			% of total walking events that are part of a multimodal trip (%M)			Daily time spent in total walking events (TTWE)			% of population meeting WHO PA guidelines from total walking events on weekdays (%GE)
	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12
Total	1.3	2.0	1.9	46.5	66.5	55.2	53.8	63.8	67.5	15.6	22.5	22.1	19.0	25.0	22.9
Sex
Men	1.2	1.8	1.8	40.2	62.1	50.4	62.3	68.5	70.4	13.8	19.3	20.9	15.7	20.9	20.9
Women	1.4	2.1	2.0	52.8	70.4	59.6	46.8	60.0	65.1	17.2	25.3	23.2	22.1	28.6	24.6
Age
<18	1.4	1.7	1.4	63.6	75.2	58.2	28.5	40.8	47.4	18.0	22.7	19.3	4.7	10.4	6.3
18–29	1.5	2.1	2.4	42.4	62.3	56.5	70.7	75.4	80.2	16.0	21.3	25.0	24.3	27.5	29.4
30–64	1.3	2.1	2.0	40.8	63.5	51.8	60.3	70.4	70.9	15.2	22.8	22.8	23.0	28.4	26.1
65=<	0.9	1.7	1.6	48.5	70.6	62.2	45.4	57.3	58.2	11.5	22.9	19.2	18.0	28.6	24.0
Age-appropriate education level
No	1.2	1.7	1.9	53.2	70.4	66.2	46.9	56.5	63.1	15.8	25.1	21.9	24.3	29.8	27.8
Yes	1.4	2.0	1.9	45.5	65.7	53.4	55.0	65.4	68.3	15.6	21.8	22.2	17.9	23.8	21.9
SES
Low	1.4	2.0	2.0	50.4	70.9	63.8	50.7	56.6	62.8	17.2	26.4	23.8	20.5	28.7	23.7
Middle	1.4	2.0	2.0	45.5	64.2	56.3	58.9	68.9	68.3	14.8	20.8	21.7	18.8	23.5	22.9
High	0.8	1.8	1.8	29.4	60.2	46.4	59.1	72.9	71.5	9.4	16.8	20.9	11.7	19.4	22.0
Car ownership
No	1.6	2.0	2.2	55.0	70.2	64.0	53.0	58.5	68.1	18.9	25.6	25.1	23.1	28.2	26.7
Yes	1.0	1.9	1.6	35.1	60.3	43.6	55.4	73.4	66.3	11.1	17.3	17.9	13.4	19.6	17.5

All figures are for weekdays. P-values of differences in the estimated values can be found in Supplemental Table S8.

Table 5. Difference between estimated marginal means of total individual walking event and walking-only trip indicators, stratified by city in the analysed cities.

	Difference between number of total walking events and walking-only trips (TWE-WOT)			Difference between walking share considering TWE and WOT (%TWE-%WOT)			Difference between daily walking time considering TTWE and TWOT (TTWE-TWOT)			Difference in % of population meeting WHO PA guidelines on weekdays from TWE and WOT (%GE-%GT)
	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12	MX17	BO19	SC12
Total	0.7	1.4	1.4	14.5	28.8	26.5	6.6	9.8	15.1	8.6	12.4	15.1
Sex
Men	0.8	1.4	1.4	17.5	31.7	27.1	7.2	9.4	14.8	9.6	11.4	14.9
Women	0.7	1.4	1.4	11.5	26.2	26.0	6.0	10.3	15.4	7.6	13.2	15.3
Age
<18	0.4	0.8	0.8	5.9	16.1	16.3	3.5	4.9	9.1	0.5	1.8	2.5
18–29	1.1	1.7	2.0	20.9	35.3	36.1	9.4	11.8	19.9	13.7	16.0	22.1
30–64	0.8	1.6	1.5	15.8	32.3	27.1	7.2	11.1	16.5	10.3	14.9	17.8
65=<	0.4	1.1	1.0	11.1	25.4	22.7	4.0	8.9	11.0	5.6	11.6	12.0
Age-appropriate education level
No	0.6	1.1	1.3	13.0	24.3	27.6	5.6	9.6	14.1	8.0	12.7	16.9
Yes	0.8	1.5	1.4	14.7	29.7	26.4	6.8	9.9	15.3	8.7	12.3	14.8
SES
Low	0.7	1.3	1.4	13.7	24.6	26.1	6.7	10.5	15.2	8.6	13.4	14.4
Middle	0.9	1.5	1.5	17.0	31.9	27.8	7.2	9.8	14.9	9.6	12.4	15.5
High	0.5	1.4	1.4	11.9	33.0	25.7	4.6	8.6	15.4	5.8	10.0	15.5
Car ownership
No	0.9	1.3	1.6	15.9	25.9	30.2	7.8	10.4	17.3	10.3	13.5	17.7
Yes	0.6	1.5	1.1	12.5	33.6	21.7	4.9	8.9	12.1	6.2	10.5	11.6