The value of healthcare data: to nudge, or not?

Figures & data

Table 1. Questions for a structured exploration of the value and values of nudging.

1	Problem definition	What problem does the nudge set out to address?
2		Whose problem definition is this? How else could the problem be defined?
3		What assumptions are inherent in the problem description?
4		What are the values underpinning the problem description?
5		Who benefits from the status quo? Who is harmed by the status quo?
6		What is the ideal outcome of the nudge?
7		Who would benefit from the ideal outcome? Who would be harmed by it?
8		What are the likely institutional consequences of the ideal outcome, if any? Who would benefit? Who would be disempowered?
9	Structural factors	What structural factors contribute to the problem? How could they be addressed effectively?
10	Target group	Who does the nudge target?
11		What characteristics do the people who are targeted by the nudge have in common? What are the most important differences within this group?
12		Does the nudge target a stigmatized or marginalized group?
13		Is there a risk that the nudge could stigmatize (or increase stigma) of the group that is targeted?
14		Is the group that is targeted the main group that causes the problem that the nudge seeks to address? If not, why is the nudge targeted at this group and not at the group(s) that cause(s) the problem?
15		Would it be beneficial to change/broaden/limit the target group?
16	Goals and format of nudging	Who defined the goal of the nudge?
17		What values underpin the nudge and its goals? Who has had a say in determining its goals? Whose voices and views have not been heard although they should have?
18		Would other policy instruments (infrastructure investments, binding law, etc.) be more appropriate to solve the problem that the nudge seeks to address?
19		What happens to people who are targeted by a nudge but do not follow it?