How Streaming (Tracking) in Eighth Grade Mathematics Reinforces Racialized Social Class Inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand

Figures & data

Table 1. School and participant demographics. Ethnicity is based on administrative data.

School	Students in study	Classes	Māori $\mathit{n}$/%	Pacific $\mathit{n}$/%	Pākehā $\mathit{n}$/%	Asian $\mathit{n}$/%	SES (M/SD)
Queens	245	9	55/.22	34/.14	123/.50	29/.12	54/17
Robinson	161	7	50/.31	42/.26	53/.33	12/.07	46/19
St. Edmunds	69	3	15/.22	44/.64	4/.06	5/.07	40/16

Figure 1. Ethnicity by stream at St. Edmunds.

Figure 2. Ethnicity by stream at Robinson.

Figure 3. Ethnicity by stream at Queens.

Table 2. MA = mathematics achievement.

	Set	Students (n)	MA (M/SD)	Māori %	Pacific %	Pākehā %	Asian %	SES (M/SD)
Queens	Streamed	34	71.2/10.9	11.8	5.88	61.8	17.6	59.1/17.1
	High	32	56.1/9.55	18.8	9.38	59.4	9.38	57.0/17.6
	Mid-high	27	53.5/11.6	11.1	7.41	70.4	7.41	56.7/16.9
	Mid-high	30	44.1/11.5	16.7	23.3	46.7	10.0	56.9/17.7
	Middle	28	41.5/8.34	17.9	21.4	50.0	10.7	51.5/15.4
	Middle	28	40.4/12.2	46.4	10.7	21.4	21.4	46.0/13.3
	Low	25	39.6/9.78	24.0	16.0	56.0	4.00	51.8/15.8
	Low	16	36.0/9.86	31.3	18.8	37.5	12.5	51.8/18.5
	Low	25	32.0/9.13	32.0	16.0	40.0	12.0	46.7/15.7
Robinson	High	30	59.4/7.01	26.7	3.33	46.7	16.7	61.3/13.5
	Middle	27	41.0/5.80	22.2	33.3	40.7	3.70	40.9/20.3
	Middle	25	38.8/5.41	28.0	24.0	44.0	4.00	43.0/17.6
	Middle	29	37.8/4.77	31.0	24.1	34.5	6.90	39.5/15.4
	Low	25	23.5/6.36	40.0	48.0	8.00	0.00	42.7/17.8
	Low	25	23.8/7.91	40.0	28.0	20.0	12.0	39.2/16.6
St. Edmunds	High	26	40.0/15.8	23.1	57.7	11.5	7.69	43.9/14.7
	Mixed	21	29.0/12.5	14.3	66.7	0.00	14.3	37.0/19.6
	Mixed	22	28.0/5.61	27.3	68.2	4.55	0.00	39.0/14.1

Scores are standardized against a national age-normed mean of 50 and standard deviation of 20.

Figure 4. Socioeconomic distributions by race for Pākehā, Māori, and Pacific students.

Table 3. Demographic predictors of student job aspirations.

	Covariates	Coefficient	Odds Ratio	$\mathit{p}$-value
Professional Jobs	SES	0.0309	1.03	$1.42\times {10}^{-5}$
	Female	0.247	1.28	.307
	Māori	−0.259	0.772	.374
	Pacific	−0.106	0.899	.723
Trades Jobs	SES	−0.0461	0.955	.0141
	Female	−3.13	0.0439	$2.70\times {10}^{-3}$
	Māori	0.632	1.88	.309
	Pacific	0.251	1.29	.713
Service Jobs	SES	−0.0235	0.977	.0387
	Female	–	–	–
	Māori	0.213	1.24	.636
	Pacific	0.198	1.22	.668
Maths Jobs	SES	0.0211	1.02	.0775
	Female	−1.29	0.274	$2.37\times {10}^{-3}$
	Māori	−0.199	0.819	.659
	Pacific	−1.27	0.282	.0518
Physical Jobs	SES	$-7.04\times {10}^{-3}$	0.993	.369
	Female	−1.23	0.293	$5.25\times {10}^{-6}$
	Māori	0.759	2.14	.0169
	Pacific	0.408	1.50	.246

Table 4. Aspired SES regression results.

Aspired SES ~ Parental SES + Ethnicity + Gender (OLS)
Covariate	Coefficient	p-value
Parental SES	0.255	$5.77\times {10}^{-6}$
Māori	−0.817	.735
Pacific	2.20	.379
Female	1.20	.533
Parental SES ~ Ethnicity (OLS; Preacher-Hayes bootstrapping)
Covariate	Coefficient	95% CI
Māori	−7.41	−12.3; −2.52
Pacific	−8.18	−13.9; −2.49
Maths Achievement ~ Parental SES + Ethnicity (OLS; Preacher-Hayes bootstrapping)
Covariate	Coefficient	95% CI
Parental SES	0.209	.101; .315
Māori	−6.43	−10.4; −2.41
Pacific	−7.40	−11.9; −2.82
Aspired SES ~ Maths Achievement + Parental SES + Ethnicity (OLS; Preacher-Hayes bootstrapping)
Covariate	Coefficient	95% CI
Maths Achievement	0.237	.109; .377
Parental SES	0.218	.108; .333
Māori	1.11	−3.05; 5.46
Pacific	3.84	−1.78; 9.59

Figure 5. Mathematics attainment by SES and ethnicity.