Dairy Products and Cancer Risk in a Northern Sweden Population

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flowchart from inclusion of the VIP and MONICA subjects to final cancer case groups.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study subjects.

Characteristics	Referents n = 93,339	Any cancer n = 12,552	P-value
Male/female (%)	50.3/49.7	49.2/50.8	0.015
Age, years (mean (SD)	45.9 (9.4)	54.9 (8.3)	<0.001
University level (%)	29.5	23.8	<0.001
Married (%)	80.2	80.7	<0.001
Smoking (%)			<0.001
Present	19.6	22.2
Past	28.7	34.5
Never	51.7	43.3
Snus (Swedish moist snuff) (%)			<0.001
Present	18.2	13.7
Past	11.6	10.0
Never	70.2	76.3
Inactive at leisure time (%)	38.7	46.2	<0.001
BMI (kg/m^2)	26.0 (4.3)	26.0 (4.1)	0.644
Total cholesterol^a (mmol/L)	5.5 (1.2)	5.4 (1.2)	<0.001
Triglycerides^a (mmol/L)	1.4 (0.9)	1.4 (0.8)	0.231
Fasting blood sugar (mmol/L)	5.4 (0.9)	5.4 (1.2)	0.376
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	126 (17)	126 (19)	0.315
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	79 (11)	78 (11)	0.010
Total fat intake (E%)	35.3 (7.0)	35.1 (6.4)	0.037
Saturated fat intake (E%)	14.8 (3.7)	14.7 (3.5)	0.045
Protein intake (E%)	14.7 (2.3)	14.7 (2.2)	0.922
Carbohydrate intake (E%)	47.5 (7.4)	47.7 (6.7)	0.001
Sucrose (E%)	6.4 (3.0)	6.5 (3.2)	0.001
Energy (kCal/day)	1,741 (592)	1,756 (580)	0.004
Alcohol (g/day)	4.12 (4.82)	4.25 (4.98)	0.004
Fruit and vegetables (servings/day)	2.98 (1.96)	2.95 (1.97)	0.072

Data are presented as sex, age, and screening year adjusted means with standard deviations (SD), or as valid percent within the group.

^aThese means were also adjusted for analysis before or after September 1, 2009, when the laboratory method changed.

Figure 2. A: Distribution, and mean daily intake, of the four dairy product categories among total dairy intake in the study population. B: Sex standardized mean daily intake in the four dairy product categories by quintile categories.

Table 2. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for intakes of dairy products and cancer of any type calculated from ^abasic and ^badjusted Cox proportional hazard models.

	Men			Women
		Basic^a	Adjusted^b		Basic^a	Adjusted^b
All cancer types	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Non-fermented milk
Q0	282	1.07 (0.94; 1.22)	1.06 (0.93; 1.21)	354	1.15 (1.02; 1.30)	1.15 (1.02; 1.29)
Q1 (reference)	1155	1.00	1.00	1100	1.00	1.00
Q2	1001	0.98 (0.90; 1.06)	0.98 (0.90; 1.07)	1028	1.04 (0.96; 1.13)	1.04 (0.96; 1.14)
Q3	1353	1.04 (0.96; 1.12)	1.02 (0.94; 1.11)	1525	1.10 (1.02; 1.19)	1.11 (1.03; 1.20)
Q4	1245	0.99 (0.92; 1.08)	0.99 (0.91; 1.08)	1055	1.03 (0.95; 1.12)	1.06 (0.97; 1.15)
Q5	1135	1.01 (0.93; 1.10)	1.02 (0.93; 1.11)	1319	1.05 (0.97; 1.14)	1.07 (0.98; 1.17)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	0.103
Fermented milk
Q0	356	0.97 (0.86; 1.10)	0.96 (0.85; 1.08)	253	0.95 (0.83; 1.09)	0.96 (0.84; 1.10)
Q1 (reference)	1093	1.00	1.00	1388	1.00	1.00
Q2	1125	0.99 (0.91; 1.08)	0.99 (0.91; 1.08)	1065	0.93 (0.86; 1.01)	0.95 (0.87; 1.02)
Q3	1298	1.07 (0.99; 1.17)	1.07 (0.99; 1.16)	1308	0.93 (0.86; 1.01)	0.95 (0.88; 1.03)
Q4	1234	1.00 (0.92; 1.09)	1.01 (0.93; 1.11)	1150	0.93 (0.85; 1.00)	0.95 (0.87; 1.03)
Q5	1065	1.08 (0.99; 1.17)	1.08 (0.99; 1.17)	1217	0.92 (0.85; 1.00)	0.95 (0.87; 1.03)
P for trend		0.065	0.063		0.061	0.263
Butter
Q0	526	0.92 (0.83; 1.02)	0.94 (0.85; 1.04)	758	0.95 (0.86; 1.04)	0.95 (0.86; 1.04)
Q1 (reference)	1205	1.00	1.00	1235	1.00	1.00
Q2	1122	0.98 (0.91; 1.07)	0.99 (0.91; 1.07)	1170	1.02 (0.95; 1.11)	1.03 (0.95; 1.11)
Q3	1151	1.01 (0.93; 1.09)	1.00 (0.92; 1.08)	1069	0.96 (0.88; 1.04)	0.96 (0.88; 1.04)
Q4	1124	0.98 (0.91; 1.07)	0.99 (0.91; 1.07)	1162	1.00 (0.92; 1.08)	1.00 (0.92; 1.08)
Q5	1043	0.95 (0.87; 1.03)	0.95 (0.87; 1.03)	1264	0.93 (0.85; 1.01)	0.95 (0.87; 1.03)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Cheese
Q0	173	0.98 (0.84; 1.15)	0.97 (0.83; 1.15)	142	0.89 (0.75; 1.06)	0.92 (0.77; 1.09)
Q1 (reference)	1110	1.00	1.00	1374	1.00	1.00
Q2	1213	1.03 (0.95; 1.12)	1.03 (0.95; 1.12)	1139	1.01 (0.94; 1.10)	1.02 (0.94; 1.10)
Q3	1046	1.05 (0.96; 1.14)	1.04 (0.96; 1.13)	1346	0.95 (0.88; 1.02)	0.95 (0.88; 1.03)
Q4	1428	1.07 (0.99; 1.15)	1.04 (0.96; 1.13)	1116	0.91 (0.85; 0.99)	0.92 (0.85; 1.00)
Q5	1201	1.00 (0.92; 1.09)	0.98 (0.90; 1.07)	1264	0.93 (0.86; 1.01)	0.95 (0.88; 1.04)
P for trend		NS	NS		0.008	0.039

Q0 = nonconsumers; Q1–Q5 are quintiles based on reported intake/day of each targeted dairy food item, ranked in sex, and 10-year age strata. P for trend >0.10 are summarized as nonsignificant (NS).

^aAdjusted for age, screening year, and dairy product category.

^bAdjusted for age, screening year, dairy product category, BMI, civil status, education level, physical activity in leisure time, smoking status, recruitment cohort (VIP or MONICA), and quintiles of fruit-and vegetables, alcohol, and energy intake.

Table 3. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for intakes of dairy products and obesity-related cancer calculated from ^abasic and ^badjusted Cox proportional hazard models.

Obesity-related cancer	Men			Women
		Basic^a	Adjusted^b		Basic^a	Adjusted^b
	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Non-fermented milk
Q0	53	1.11 (0.82; 1.50)	1.10 (0.81; 1.49)	177	1.10 (0.93; 1.30)	1.10 (0.93; 1.30)
Q1 (reference)	209	1.00	1.00	586	1.00	1.00
Q2	174	0.93 (0.76; 1.14)	0.94 (0.77; 1.15)	533	1.02 (0.91; 1.14)	1.02 (0.91; 1.15)
Q3	230	0.98 (0.82; 1.19)	0.96 (0.80; 1.16)	832	1.12 (1.01; 1.25)	1.14 (1.02; 1.26)
Q4	244	1.07 (0.89; 1.28)	1.07 (0.89; 1.30)	556	1.03 (0.91; 1.15)	1.06 (0.94; 1.19)
Q5	185	0.91 (0.74; 1.10)	0.91 (0.74; 1.12)	716	1.07 (0.96; 1.20)	1.10 (0.98; 1.23)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Fermented milk
Q0	78	1.08 (0.83; 1.40)	1.06 (0.81; 1.37)	144	0.97 (0.81; 1.17)	0.98 (0.82; 1.18)
Q1 (reference)	213	1.00	1.00	760	1.00	1.00
Q2	196	0.89 (0.73; 1.08)	0.89 (0.73; 1.08)	551	0.88 (0.79; 0.98)	0.89 (0.80; 1.00)
Q3	226	0.97 (0.81; 1.18)	1.00 (0.82; 1.21)	690	0.90 (0.81; 1.00)	0.91 (0.82; 1.01)
Q4	199	0.89 (0.72; 1.09)	0.92 (0.75; 1.14)	615	0.89 (0.80; 1.00)	0.91 (0.82; 1.02)
Q5	183	0.92 (0.76; 1.11)	0.96 (0.78; 1.16)	640	0.87 (0.78; 0.97)	0.89 (0.79; 0.99)
P for trend		NS	NS		0.026	0.081
Butter
Q0	94	0.92 (0.72; 1.17)	0.91 (0.71; 1.16)	415	0.93 (0.83; 1.05)	0.93 (0.82; 1.05)
Q1 (reference)	217	1.00	1.00	680	1.00	1.00
Q2	199	0.99 (0.81; 1.20)	0.99 (0.81; 1.20)	627	1.00 (0.89; 1.11)	1.00 (0.90; 1.12)
Q3	210	1.04 (0.86; 1.25)	1.02 (0.84; 1.23)	565	0.91 (0.81; 1.02)	0.92 (0.82; 1.03)
Q4	188	0.92 (0.76; 1.12)	0.93 (0.76; 1.13)	592	0.93 (0.83; 1.03)	0.94 (0.84; 1.05)
Q5	187	0.94 (0.77; 1.14)	0.93 (0.75; 1.14)	521	0.88 (0.79; 0.99)	0.91 (0.81; 1.02)
P for trend		NS	NS		0.011	0.049
Cheese
Q0	27	0.81 (0.54; 1.21)	0.84 (0.56; 1.26)	68	0.80 (0.63; 1.03)	0.86 (0.67; 1.10)
Q1 (reference)	211	1.00	1.00	723	1.00	1.00
Q2	217	0.99 (0.82; 1.19)	1.00 (0.83; 1.21)	628	1.06 (0.96; 1.18)	0.84 (0.65; 1.07)
Q3	204	1.09 (0.90; 1.33)	1.11 (0.92; 1.36)	696	0.93 (0.84; 1.03)	0.94 (0.84; 1.04)
Q4	219	0.86 (0.71; 1.04)	0.88 (0.72; 1.07)	614	0.96 (0.87; 1.07)	0.96 (0.86; 1.07)
Q5	217	0.95 (0.79; 1.15)	0.96 (0.78; 1.17)	671	0.94 (0.85; 1.05)	0.97 (0.86; 1.09)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS

Q0 = nonconsumers; Q1–Q5 are quintiles based on reported intake/day of each targeted dairy food item, ranked in sex, and 10-year age strata. P for trend >0.10 are summarized as nonsignificant (NS).

^aAdjusted for age, screening year, and dairy product category.

^bAdjusted for age, screening year, dairy product category, BMI, civil status, education level, physical activity in leisure time, smoking status, recruitment cohort (VIP or MONICA), and quintiles of fruit-and vegetables, alcohol, and energy intake.

Table 4. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for intakes of dairy products and smoking-related cancer calculated from ^abasic and ^badjusted Cox proportional hazard models.

Smoking-related cancer	Men			Women
		Basic^a	Adjusted^b		Basic^a	Adjusted^b
	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Non-fermented milk
Q0	93	1.14 (0.9; 1.43)	1.11 (0.89; 1.40)	119	1.12 (0.91; 1.38)	1.09 (0.89; 1.35)
Q1 (reference)	358	1.00	1.00	378	1.00	1.00
Q2	310	0.97 (0.83; 1.13)	0.98 (0.84; 1.14)	305	0.89 (0.76; 1.03)	0.90 (0.77; 1.05)
Q3	421	1.04 (0.90; 1.20)	1.02 (0.89; 1.18)	495	1.04 (0.91; 1.19)	1.05 (0.92; 1.21)
Q4	402	1.02 (0.88; 1.17)	1.01 (0.87; 1.17)	333	0.94 (0.81; 1.09)	0.98 (0.84; 1.14)
Q5	356	1.00 (0.87; 1.16)	0.99 (0.85; 1.16)	415	0.96 (0.83; 1.10)	0.94 (0.81; 1.09)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Fermented milk
Q0	136	1.07 (0.88; 1.31)	1.06 (0.87; 1.29)	84	0.95 (0.75; 1.20)	0.98 (0.78; 1.24)
Q1 (reference)	376	1.00	1.00	474	1.00	1.00
Q2	357	0.92 (0.79; 1.06)	0.95 (0.82; 1.10)	338	0.93 (0.81; 1.06)	0.97 (0.84; 1.11)
Q3	409	0.98 (0.86; 1.13)	1.06 (0.92; 1.22)	402	0.85 (0.74; 0.98)	0.91 (0.79; 1.05)
Q4	349	0.89 (0.76; 1.04)	0.99 (0.85; 1.16)	345	0.83 (0.72; 0.96)	0.92 (0.80; 1.07)
Q5	313	0.90 (0.78; 1.04)	1.01 (0.87; 1.18)	402	0.91 (0.79; 1.04)	1.01 (0.87; 1.16)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Butter
Q0	170	0.97 (0.81; 1.17)	0.96 (0.8; 1.15)	235	0.97 (0.82; 1.14)	0.97 (0.82; 1.14)
Q1 (reference)	368	1.00	1.00	373	1.00	1.00
Q2	341	1.00 (0.86; 1.16)	1.01 (0.87; 1.17)	353	1.03 (0.89; 1.19)	1.04 (0.90; 1.20)
Q3	366	1.07 (0.92; 1.24)	1.02 (0.88; 1.18)	361	1.08 (0.94; 1.25)	1.07 (0.92; 1.23)
Q4	360	1.03 (0.89; 1.19)	1.00 (0.86; 1.16)	426	1.20 (1.04; 1.38)	1.17 (1.01; 1.34)
Q5	335	0.99 (0.86; 1.15)	0.94 (0.80; 1.10)	297	0.93 (0.80; 1.08)	0.94 (0.80; 1.10)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Cheese
Q0	56	0.93 (0.70; 1.23)	0.90 (0.67; 1.20)	43	0.75 (0.55; 1.02)	0.76 (0.56; 1.04)
Q1 (reference)	382	1.00	1.00	488	1.00	1.00
Q2	376	0.94 (0.81; 1.08)	0.94 (0.81; 1.08)	348	0.87 (0.76; 1.00)	0.90 (0.78; 1.03)
Q3	343	1.01 (0.88; 1.17)	1.03 (0.89; 1.20)	451	0.87 (0.77; 0.99)	0.90 (0.79; 1.03)
Q4	407	0.88 (0.77; 1.02)	0.89 (0.77; 1.03)	324	0.74 (0.64; 0.84)	0.78 (0.67; 0.89)
Q5	376	0.89 (0.77; 1.03)	0.91 (0.78; 1.05)	391	0.78 (0.68; 0.89)	0.84 (0.72; 0.97)
P for trend		NS	NS		<0.001	<0.001

Q0 = nonconsumers; Q1–Q5 are quintiles based on reported intake/day of each targeted dairy food item, ranked in sex, and 10-year age strata. P for trend >0.10 are summarized as nonsignificant (NS).

^aAdjusted for age, screening year, and dairy product category.

^bAdjusted for age, screening year, dairy product category, BMI, civil status, education level, physical activity in leisure time, smoking status, recruitment cohort (VIP or MONICA), and quintiles of fruit-and vegetables, alcohol, and energy intake.

Table 5. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for intakes of dairy products and prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women calculated from ^abasic and ^badjusted Cox proportional hazard models.

	Prostate cancer in men			Breast cancer in women
		Basic^a	Adjusted^b		Basic^a	Adjusted^b
	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Non-fermented milk
Q0	109	1.02 (0.83; 1.25)	1.02 (0.83; 1.26)	100	1.13 (0.90; 1.42)	1.14 (0.91; 1.43)
Q1 (reference)	474	1.00	1.00	315	1.00	1.00
Q2	428	1.00 (0.88; 1.14)	1.01 (0.89; 1.15)	332	1.17 (1.00; 1.36)	1.16 (0.99; 1.36)
Q3	570	1.08 (0.95; 1.22)	1.04 (0.92; 1.17)	461	1.18 (1.03; 1.37)	1.19 (1.03; 1.37)
Q4	504	0.98 (0.86; 1.11)	0.96 (0.85; 1.10)	313	1.07 (0.91; 1.25)	1.09 (0.93; 1.28)
Q5	457	0.99 (0.87; 1.12)	1.00 (0.87; 1.15)	400	1.13 (0.98; 1.31)	1.17 (1.00; 1.36)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Fermented milk
Q0	142	0.97 (0.80; 1.18)	0.95 (0.78; 1.15)	76	0.91 (0.71; 1.17)	0.92 (0.72; 1.18)
Q1 (reference)	424	1.00	1.00	417	1.00	1.00
Q2	483	1.07 (0.94; 1.21)	1.04 (0.91; 1.19)	310	0.84 (0.73; 0.98)	0.85 (0.73; 0.98)
Q3	522	1.11 (0.98; 1.26)	1.06 (0.93; 1.21)	398	0.93 (0.81; 1.07)	0.92 (0.80; 1.06)
Q4	547	1.08 (0.94; 1.24)	1.05 (0.91; 1.20)	339	0.88 (0.76; 1.02)	0.86 (0.74; 1.00)
Q5	424	1.16 (1.02; 1.32)	1.09 (0.95; 1.24)	381	0.9 (0.78; 1.04)	0.88 (0.76; 1.02)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Butter
Q0	198	0.84 (0.71; 0.99)	0.86 (0.72; 1.01)	243	0.97 (0.82; 1.14)	0.97 (0.82; 1.14)
Q1 (reference)	492	1.00	1.00	381	1.00	1.00
Q2	475	1.02 (0.90; 1.16)	1.02 (0.89; 1.15)	342	0.96 (0.83; 1.11)	0.95 (0.82; 1.10)
Q3	479	1.01 (0.89; 1.15)	1.00 (0.88; 1.13)	318	0.90 (0.77; 1.04)	0.90 (0.77; 1.04)
Q4	455	0.99 (0.87; 1.12)	0.99 (0.87; 1.13)	323	0.89 (0.77; 1.03)	0.90 (0.78; 1.05)
Q5	443	0.98 (0.86; 1.11)	0.97 (0.85; 1.11)	314	0.93 (0.80; 1.08)	0.94 (0.81; 1.10)
P for trend		NS	NS		NS	NS
Cheese
Q0	73	1.07 (0.84; 1.37)	1.08 (0.84; 1.39)	41	0.88 (0.64; 1.21)	0.92 (0.66; 1.26)
Q1 (reference)	426	1.00	1.00	398	1.00	1.00
Q2	494	1.13 (0.99; 1.28)	1.12 (0.99; 1.28)	353	1.09 (0.94; 1.26)	1.07 (0.93; 1.24)
Q3	418	1.12 (0.98; 1.28)	1.11 (0.97; 1.28)	384	0.95 (0.82; 1.09)	0.93 (0.80; 1.07)
Q4	617	1.23 (1.09; 1.40)	1.19 (1.05; 1.35)	350	1.02 (0.88; 1.17)	0.97 (0.84; 1.12)
Q5	514	1.14 (1.00; 1.30)	1.11 (0.97; 1.27)	395	1.02 (0.89; 1.18)	0.99 (0.85; 1.16)
P for trend		0.001	0.013		NS	NS

Q0 = nonconsumers; Q1–Q5 are quintiles based on reported intake/day of each targeted dairy food item, ranked in sex, and 10-year age strata. P for trend >0.10 are summarized as nonsignificant (NS).

^aAdjusted for age, screening year, and dairy product category.

^bAdjusted for age, screening year, dairy product category, BMI, civil status, education level, physical activity in leisure time, smoking status, recruitment cohort (VIP or MONICA), and quintiles of fruit-and vegetables, alcohol, and energy intake.

Table 6. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for intakes of dairy products and colorectal cancer calculated from ^abasic and ^badjusted Cox proportional hazard models.

	Men			Women
		Basic^a	Adjusted^b			Basic^a	Adjusted^b
Colorectal cancer	Cases	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	Cases		HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Non-fermented milk
Q0	38	1.23 (0.86; 1.76)	1.23 (0.86; 1.76)	35		0.99 (0.68; 1.44)	1.00 (0.69; 1.45)
Q1 (reference)	135	1.00	1.00	132		1.00	1.00
Q2	104	0.86 (0.67; 1.12)	0.87 (0.67; 1.12)	96		0.82 (0.63; 1.07)	0.84 (0.64; 1.09)
Q3	159	1.05 (0.83; 1.32)	1.01 (0.80; 1.28)	170		0.98 (0.78; 1.23)	1.02 (0.81; 1.28)
Q4	162	1.08 (0.86; 1.36)	1.10 (0.87; 1.39)	109		0.89 (0.69; 1.14)	0.97 (0.75; 1.26)
Q5	115	0.86 (0.67; 1.11)	0.87 (0.67; 1.14)	126		0.81 (0.63; 1.03)	0.88 (0.68; 1.14)
P for trend		NS	NS			NS	NS
Fermented milk
Q0	56	1.20 (0.88; 1.63)	1.18 (0.86; 1.62)	35		1.15 (0.79; 1.66)	1.16 (0.80; 1.69)
Q1 (reference)	138	1.00	1.00	166		1.00	1.00
Q2	126	0.88 (0.69; 1.12)	0.88 (0.69; 1.12)	99		0.86 (0.68; 1.10)	0.89 (0.70; 1.13)
Q3	140	0.93 (0.73; 1.17)	0.94 (0.74; 1.19)	127		0.78 (0.61; 0.99)	0.80 (0.63; 1.02)
Q4	132	0.87 (0.68; 1.13)	0.91 (0.70; 1.18)	112		0.78 (0.61; 1.00)	0.82 (0.63; 1.05)
Q5	121	0.96 (0.76; 1.21)	0.98 (0.77; 1.25)	129		0.84 (0.66; 1.06)	0.90 (0.70; 1.15)
P for trend		NS	NS			NS	NS
Butter
Q0	61	0.98 (0.72; 1.33)	0.97 (0.71; 1.33)	83	0.95 (0.72; 1.25)		0.94 (0.71; 1.24)
Q1 (reference)	132	1.00	1.00	133		1.00	1.00
Q2	136	1.12 (0.88; 1.43)	1.13 (0.89; 1.44)	128		1.05 (0.83; 1.34)	1.06 (0.83; 1.36)
Q3	142	1.16 (0.91; 1.47)	1.13 (0.89; 1.44)	112		0.95 (0.74; 1.23)	0.95 (0.74; 1.22)
Q4	121	0.97 (0.76; 1.24)	0.97 (0.75; 1.25)	125		1.00 (0.78; 1.28)	1.04 (0.81; 1.34)
Q5	121	1.00 (0.78; 1.29)	0.99 (0.76; 1.28)	87		0.76 (0.58; 1.00)	0.82 (0.62; 1.08)
P for trend		NS	NS			NS	NS
Cheese
Q0	18	0.78 (0.48; 1.28)	0.82 (0.50; 1.34)	16		0.88 (0.52; 1.47)	0.92 (0.55; 1.54)
Q1 (reference)	146	1.00	1.00	149		1.00	1.00
Q2	134	0.88 (0.69; 1.11)	0.89 (0.70; 1.13)	123		1.00 (0.79; 1.27)	1.01 (0.80; 1.29)
Q3	135	1.05 (0.83; 1.32)	1.07 (0.85; 1.36)	149		0.92 (0.73; 1.15)	0.95 (0.75; 1.19)
Q4	142	0.80 (0.64; 1.02)	0.81 (0.64; 1.03)	109		0.83 (0.66; 1.06)	0.84 (0.66; 1.08)
Q5	138	0.86 (0.68; 1.09)	0.86 (0.67; 1.10)	122		0.76 (0.59; 0.97)	0.82 (0.63; 1.07)
P for trend		NS	NS			0.010	0.048

Q0 = nonconsumers; Q1–Q5 are quintiles based on reported intake/day of each targeted dairy food item, ranked in sex, and 10-year age strata. P for trend >0.10 are summarized as nonsignificant (NS).

^aAdjusted for age, screening year, and dairy product category.

^bAdjusted for age, screening year, dairy product category, BMI, civil status, education level, physical activity in leisure time, smoking status, recruitment cohort (VIP or MONICA), and quintiles of fruit-and vegetables, alcohol, and energy intake.