Association of transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene mRNA level with schizophrenia, its psychopathology, intelligence and cognitive impairments

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants and comparison of characteristics between case and control groups.

Characteristics	Case (n = 72)	Control (n = 70)	F/χ^2 (p value)
Age, years
Male (Mean ± SD)	35.85 ± 10.26	39.53 ± 9.10	.108 (0.11)
Rang, years	20–59	21–57
Female (Mean ± SD)	41.80 ± 09.07	37.78 ± 09.75	.525 (0.09)
Rang, years	19–58	22–56
All (Mean ± SD)	38.87 ± 10.71	38.65 ± 9.40	.148 (0.9)
Rang, years	19–59	21–57
Sex
Male (%)	39 (56%)	36 (50%)	.465 (0.51)
Female (%)	31 (44%)	36 (50%)
Handedness
Male
Right handed (%)	37 (95%)	33 (92%)	.309 (0.67)
Left handed (%)	2 (5%)	3 (8%)
Female
Right handed (%)	30 (97%)	33 (92%)	.774 (0.37)
Left handed (%)	1 (3%)	3 (8%)
All
Right handed (%)	67 (96%)	66 (92%)	.980 (0.32)
Left handed (%)	3 (4%)	6 (8%)

Table 2. Comparison of psychopathology, cognitive and intellectual functions between case and control groups using independent t-test.

Assessment	Case (Mean ± D)			Control (Mean ± SD)			Adjusted p value
	Males	Females	All	Males	Females	All	Males	Females	All
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
PANSS Positive	25 ± 4.00	26 ± 4.00	26 ± 4.00	7±.00	8 ± 1.01	7 ± 0.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
PANSS Negative	25 ± 5.00	25 ± 5.00	25 ± 5.00	8±.00	8 ± 1.00	8 ± 0.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
PANSS General	50 ± 7.00	48 ± 8.00	49 ± 7.00	24 ± 3.00	24 ± 3.00	24 ± 3.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
PANSS Total	101 ± 12.00	100 ± 15.00	101 ± 13.00	40 ± 3.00	40 ± 4.00	4 ± 4.04	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Verbal IQ	74 ± 3.00	74 ± 5.00	74 ± 4.00	105 ± 6.00	105 ± 6.00	105 ± 6.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Performance IQ	72 ± 13.08	73 ± 4.00	73 ± 10.00	109 ± 6.00	108 ± 6.00	108 ± 6.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Total IQ	73 ± 6.00	73 ± 2.00	73 ± 5.00	114 ± 6.00	113 ± 6.00	113 ± 6.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Stroop test
Stroop word error	4 ± 3.00	6 ± 6.00	5 ± 5.00	1.06 ± 1	1 ± 1.00	1 ± 1.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Stroop color error	18.08 ± 8.00	16 ± 9.00	17 ± 9.00	0 ± 00	0±0.00	0.00±0.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Stroop total error	22 ± 10.00	20 ± 26	21 ± 19.3	1 ± 1.00	2 ± 2.08	1 ± 1.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)
Working memory	78 ± 13.00	79 ± 19.00	78 ± 16.00	102 ± 5.00	101 ± 7.00	101 ± 6.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST)
WCST perseveration error	19 ± 11.00	22.10 ± 14	20 ± 12.00	5±.00	5 ± 1.00	5±0.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
WCST non-perseveration error	5 ± 5.00	3 ± 3.00	4 ± 4.00	5±.00	5±0.00	5±0.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*
WCST total error	25 ± 9.00	25 ± 11	25 ± 10.00	11±.00	11 ± 1.00	11 ± 1.00	<.000*	<.000*	<.000*

* Statistically significant

Table 3. Comparison of TCF4 expression level between case and control groups.

Covariates	F	Adjusted p value (Bonferroni)	Effect size (Partial Eta Squared)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
PANSS Positive
All	3.050	.083	.022
Males	3.692	.059	.051
Females	.094	.761	.002
PANSS negative
All	10.498	.002*	.074
Males	7.890	.006*	.104
Females	2.737	.103	.043
PANSS general
All	4.672	.032*	.034
Males	3.248	.076	.045
Females	1.409	.240	.023
PANSS total
All	2.857	.093	.021
Males	3.567	.063	.049
Females	.267	.608	.004
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Verbal IQ
All	4.380	.038*	.032
Males	1.511	.223	.021
Females	3.146	.081	.049
Performance IQ
All	5.183	.024*	.038
Males	1.744	.191	.025
Females	5.082	.028*	.077
Total IQ
All	2.161	.144	.016
Males	.302	.584	.004
Females	3.358	.072	.052
Stroop test
Stroop word error
All	22.008	.000*	.138
Males	2.920	.092	.039
Females	18.043	.000*	.223
Stroop colour error
All	8.987	.003*	.061
Males	1.104	.297	.015
Females	11.572	.001*	.153
Stroop total error
All	20.941	.000*	.131
Males	.310	.579	.004
Females	19.253	.000*	.231
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)
All	14.595	.000*	.095
Males	2.211	.141	.030
Females	13.773	.000*	.177
Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST)
WCST Perseveration error
All	20.134	.000*	.127
Males	6.597	.012*	.084
Females	14.397	.000*	.184
WCST Non-perseveration error
All	38.296	.000*	.216
Males	16.989	.000*	.191
Females	22.797	.000*	.263
WCST Total error
All	19.262	.000*	.122
Males	7.612	.007*	.096
Females	12.152	.001*	.160

* Statistically significant.

Figure 1. Correlation of gene expression with PANSS, cognitive and intellectual functions (p < .001). Fit lines are drawn on each graph.

Table 4. Correlation of gene expression with age of onset, duration of illness and smoking status.

	Age of onset	Duration of illness	Smoking
TCF4 Delta CT
Pearson correlation	−.088	−.078	0.000
Sig. (2-tailed)	.470	.523	0.013*

* Statistically significant.