Are They Different in Their Relationship Perceptions? Cross-Cultural Comparison between U.S. and Turkish Preschoolers

Figures & data

Figure 1. Basic categories and themes.

Table 1. Basic categories of relationship perception in Turkish and U.S. samples

Basic Categories of Relationship Perception	Turkey (frequencies)	United States (frequencies)
Category: Negative Relationship Perception Category: Neutral Relationship Perception Category: Positive Relationship Perception	1755 127 763	412 259 532

Table 2. Themes related to negative relationship perception

Negative Relationship Perception
Themes	Turkey (frequencies)	United States (frequencies)
(1) Teacher gets mad/yells	931	265
(2) Teacher punishes	234	0
2a. Time-out	94	74
2b. Physical punishment	33	0
(3) Teacher sends out of classroom	147	19
(4) Teacher criticizes/inspects	110	17
(5) Teacher gets child deprived	101	12
(6) Teacher threatens	47	16
(7) Teacher threatens to tell authority	32	9
(8) Child reacts negatively	26	0
Total	1755	412

Table 3. Themes related to neutral relationship perception

Neutral Relationship Perception
Themes	Turkey (frequencies)	United States (frequencies)
(1) Teacher warns	98	253
(2) Teacher ignores	29	6
Total	127	259

Table 4. Themes related to positive relationship perception category

Positive Relationship Perception
Themes	Turkey (frequencies)	United States (frequencies)
(1) Child suggests solutions	243	78
(2) Child asks for help	173	130
(3) Child justifies teacher	152	43
(4) Teacher suggests solutions	104	64
(4) Teacher talks about possible results	45	32
(5) Teacher requests kindly	26	97
(6) Teacher uses interventive approach	14	66
(7) Teacher gives verbal/physical reward	6	22
Total	763	532