Immigrants’ participation in non-formal job-related training

Figures & data

Table 1. Participation in non-formal job-related training by immigrant background. Per cent of employed persons.

	Non-immigrant	Western/EU-immigrants	Non-Western immigrants	Immigrants with unknown country of birth	Total
Denmark	63.4	50.0	45.6	Not relevant	61.8
Finland	63.2	57.3	39.0	41.9	62.3
Netherlands	61.2	56.5	54.0	Not relevant	60.5
Norway	60.0	56.8	51.6	Not relevant	59.3
Total	62.0	55.0	50.0		61.0

Table 2. Binary logistic regression of the probability to participate in non-formal job-related training. Four countries*.

	Denmark		Finland		Netherlands		Norway
	Coef.	SE	Coef.	SE	Coef.	SE	Coef.	SE
Constant	−1.985	0.302	−1.396	0.388	−1.579	0.378	−0.261	0.375
Female	0.010	0.082	−0.241	0.088	0.011	0.097	0.040	0.087
Age	−0.001	0.003	0.002	0.003	−0.007	0.003	−0.017	0.003
EU/Western immigrants	−0.587	0.135	−0.306	0.433	−0.262	0.267	−0.362	0.169
Non-Western immigrants	−0.447	0.123	−1.029	0.372	−0.004	0.170	−0.276	0.185
Imm. with unknown country of birth	(Not relevant)		−0.742	0.297	(Not relevant)		(Not relevant)
Immigrants with the language of the immigrant country as first language	−0.114	0.283	0.550	0.587	0.078	0.291	0.402	0.297
Lower secondary school or less	−0.392	0.101	−0.534	0.130	−0.212	0.093	−0.419	0.119
Higher education	0.565	0.078	0.591	0.088	0.468	0.102	0.360	0.101
Average numeracy skills	0.003	0.001	0.002	0.001	0.003	0.001	0.001	0.001
Weekly working hours	0.029	0.004	0.027	0.003	0.028	0.004	0.026	0.004
Industrial sector
Agriculture etc.	−0.238	0.232	−0.704	0.236	0.421	0.409	−0.403	0.231
Manufacturing, mining, electricity supply	0.485	0.115	−0.069	0.107	0.003	0.114	0.249	0.140
Construction	−0.413	0.143	−0.422	0.147	0.117	0.153	−0.077	0.145
Information, communication	0.456	0.177	0.247	0.188	0.343	0.220	0.000	0.242
Finance, estate	0.542	0.212	0.849	0.290	1.400	0.234	−0.049	0.215
Professional, scientific	0.401	0.140	−0.110	0.161	0.334	0.184	−0.065	0.184
Public administration and defence	1.166	0.185	0.821	0.203	1.282	0.159	0.779	0.160
Education	0.583	0.130	0.512	0.151	0.760	0.147	0.228	0.128
Health and welfare	1.063	0.119	0.642	0.126	1.157	0.129	0.339	0.120
Arts	0.491	0.280	0.166	0.253	0.536	0.245	0.059	0.303
Other	0.502	0.248	0.277	0.198	0.485	0.272	0.619	0.284
Number observations	5071		3790		3716		3531
Pseudo R-square (Nagelkerke R-square)**	0.168		0.131		0.151		0.088

* All results in the table are weighted (see endnote 3). The reference person is: Male; upper secondary education; non-immigrant; employed within the industrial sector ‘Sale, transport and support’. Coefficients in bold type are significant at level p < 0.05.

** Pseudo R-square is estimated by using SPSS. The ‘repest’ command in Stata does not provide such estimates.

Figure 1. Estimated probability to participate in non-formal job-related training, by immigrant background.

Figure 2. Participation in job-related training paid for by the employer and total participation rate, by immigrant background. Per cent.

Table 3. Obligatory training or training of own interest, by immigrant background. Per cent*.

	Non-immigrants		Western/EU-immigrants		Non-Western immigrants
	Own interest	Obligatory	Own interest	Obligatory	Own interest	Obligatory
Denmark	50.8	12.6	42.9	7.3	37.8	7.8
Finland	48.0	15.2	41.3	16.0	24.4	14.6
Netherlands	50.2	11.1	47.8	8.7	46.8	7.2
Norway	49.0	11.0	50.2	6.6	47.2	4.2

* Note that the sum of the percentages ‘own interest’ and ‘obligatory’ per country in Table 3 corresponds to the percentages per country in Table 1.

Table A.1. Mean sample values of independent variables by country and immigrant background. Employed persons*

	Total, four countries	Denmark	Finland	Netherlands	Norway	Non-immigr.	EU/ Western immigrant	Non-Western immigrant
Female	0.478	0.471	0.496	0.461	0.486	0.480	0.494	0.450
Average age (range; 16–65 years)	41.7	42.3	42.3	41.1	41.3	42.0	40.3	39.0
Non-immigrants	0.901	0.897	0.947	0.892	0.869
EU/Western immigrants	0.046	0.049	0.021	0.044	0.072
Non-Western immigrants	0.047	0.054	0.011	0.064	0.059
Immigrants with unknown country of birth	0.005	0	0.021	0	0
Immigrants with the language of the immigrant country as first language	0.019	0.016	0.010	0.025	0.024		0.331	0.068
Lower secondary school or less	0.167	0.162	0.098	0.225	0.182	0.163	0.113	0.309
Upper secondary	0.416	0.418	0.444	0.406	0.395	0.423	0.374	0.322
Higher education	0.417	0.420	0.459	0.368	0.423	0.415	0.512	0.368
Average numeracy skills level (range: 81.9–442.8) (st. dev. 45.9)	287.6	286.8	290.3	287.5	285.9	291.5	272.8	234.2
Weekly working hours	35.9	36.6	37.9	33.2	36.0	36.0	35.8	33.9
Industrial sector
Agriculture etc.	0.021	0.021	0.034	0.008	0.020	0.021	0.015	0.016
Manufacturing, mining, electricity supply	0.140	0.156	0.160	0.141	0.103	0.140	0.118	0.153
Construction	0.071	0.069	0.076	0.058	0.081	0.072	0.079	0.040
Sale, transport and support	0.256	0.235	0.265	0.259	0.266	0.248	0.276	0.387
Information, communication	0.040	0.047	0.034	0.040	0.037	0.041	0.036	0.016
Finance, estate	0.032	0.041	0.022	0.043	0.024	0.034	0.023	0.016
Professional, scientific	0.058	0.055	0.064	0.059	0.056	0.061	0.055	0.026
Public administration and defence	0.061	0.057	0.047	0.078	0.064	0.064	0.047	0.036
Education	0.087	0.088	0.079	0.079	0.104	0.088	0.110	0.062
Health and welfare	0.188	0.189	0.157	0.192	0.213	0.187	0.187	0.213
Arts	0.021	0.020	0.024	0.025	0.013	0.021	0.023	0.010
Other	0.024	0.021	0.039	0.021	0.018	0.024	0.029	0.027
Number of observations	16108	5071	3790	3716	3531	14273	898	885

*All results in the table are weighted (see endnote 3). The number of respondents is unweighted.

Table A.2. Per cent employed by immigrant background and country. Percentage base (number of observations, total, and unweighted) in parenthesis.

	Non-Immigrants	EU/Western immigrants	Non-Western immigrants	Immigrants with unknown country of origin
Denmark	74.8 (5772)	70.0 (641)	57.8 (868)	:
Finland	70.4 (5225)	73.5 (93)	68.3 (48)	56.0 (90)
Netherlands	78.2 (4620)	70.3 (172)	58.4 (290)	:
Norway	79.2 (4308)	85.5 (317)	68.4 (315)	: