Civil protection through adult and continuing education in Germany. A scoping review of an emerging research field

Figures & data

Table 1. Overview of the search terms and the search combinations.

First search terms Adult education (context) OR link		Second search terms Area civil protection (concept) OR link
Erwachsenenbildung [adult education] Weiterbildung [continuing education] Lebenslanges Lernen [lifelong learning] Lernen Erwachsener [adult learning]	AND	Zivilschutz [civil defence] Luftschutz [air raid protection] Bevölkerungsschutz [civil protection] Katastrophenmanagement [disaster management] Gesundheitsschutz [health protection] Katastrophe* [disaster*] Krise [crisis]Notfall [emergency] Terrorismus [terrorism] Erdbeben [earthquake] Pandemie [pandemic] Atom* [atom*] Flut [flood] Hochwasser [flood] Feuer* [fire*] Cybersicherheit [cyber security] IT-Sicherheit [IT security] Informationssicherheit [information security] Computersicherheit [computer security] Informationstechnologiesicherheit [information technology security] Selbstschutz [self protection]Selbsthilfe [self help] Resilienz [resilience] Notfallvorsorge [emergency preparedness] Vorsorge [prevention] Bereitschaft [readiness] Prävention [prevention]

Table 2. Overview of the inclusion criteria.

Criterion	Inclusion criterion
Language	German and English language literature is included.
Publication date	Literature published from the year 1945 onward is Included.
Period	Literature that relates to the period from the year 1945 to 2022 is included. Justification: Beginning period 1945: Historical break with a reorganisation of the political system.
Regional relation	A Germany-wide analysis is conducted against the background of the considered concept of civil protection in the context of adult and continuing education. In the case of international literature, results are always examined as to whether they are transferable to the German context. Materials from the former GDR were not considered [German Democratic Republic], because the documents have not been digitised and are difficult to access (Franke, 2008, p. 25).
Included literature/ manuscript types.	For the transparency and comprehensibility of the present study, a broad literature (including gray literature, i.e. unpublished articles; practical manuals and guidelines) was first collected and analyzed. Subsequently research publications where focused on (monographs/journal articles, etc.), thus excluding gray literature.
Context/setting under consideration	Only literature that has an identifiable connection to adult and continuing education research and that considers adult citizens is included.

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the literature search, screening, and inclusion according to PRISMA-ScR.

Figure 2. Thematic distribution of publications (incl. grey literature, n = 234).

Figure 3. Timeline of the number of publications with presentation of events relevant to civil protection in Germany.

Figure 4. Disciplinary classification of scientific publications (n = 176).

Table 3. Allocation of research literature to research fields in adult education (cf. Arnold et al., 2000.).

1.Adult Learning (n = 13; assignments to total category: n = 25 from literature corpus n = 176).

1.1. Learning in individual developments and life course strategies (n = 4). Focus: Crises and catastrophes as an individual learning occasion and transformation object

1.2. Learning in different situations of interaction and transformation (n = 2) Focus: collective learning, public pedagogy and self-help

1.3. Learning in contexts of social milieus and social problems (n = 6) Focus: social crises in general, partly with a special focus on COVID-19, the climate crisis, as well as the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); learning in voluntary work; civil protection pedagogy

1.4. Learning in virtual environments and in bodily bonds (n = 1) Focus: times of pandemic

1.5. Learning in organised and institutionalised contexts (n = 0)

2. Knowledge Structures and Skill Needs (n = 16; assignments to total category: n = 64 from literature corpus n = 176).

2.1. Knowledge structures and knowledge distribution (n = 3) Focus: Voluntary work and social commitment; population behavior after situations of upheaval

2.2. Competence development (n = 2)

2.3. Needs development (n = 6) Focus: Adult education as a means of crisis/disaster management, volunteerism/societal engagement; population behavior in crises and disasters

2.4. Adult education issues and programmes (n = 5) Focus: crisis/disaster management; volunteerism/societal engagement.

3.Professional conduct (n = 2; assignments to total category: n = 51 from literature corpus n = 176).

3.1. Teaching Activities (n = 0)

3.2. Media handling and media design (n = 1) Educational planning and educational guidance (n=0)

3.3. Educational Management (n = 0)

3.4. Education and training (n = 1)

4. Institutionalisation (n = 2; assignments to category total: n = 13 from literature corpus n = 176).

4.1. Institutionalisation as an exchange process (n = 0)

4.2. Offers and providers (n = 2)

4.3. Performance and service (n = 0)

4.4. Organisation and management (n = 0)

4.5. Learning organisation (n = 0)

4.6. Networking, competition, and governance dynamics (n = 0).

5. System and Politics (n = 1; assignments to total category: n = 31 from literature corpus n = 176)

5.1.Relationship between adult education and society (n = 1)

5.2. Market and public responsibility (n = 0)

5.3. Policy forms and policy advice (n = 0)

5.4. Funding security (n = 0)

5.5. Access and right to training (n = 0)

5.6. Regional cooperation (n = 0)

5.7. Information and support (n = 0)

5.8. Segmentation of general and vocational education (n = 0) 5.9. Relationship between initial and continuing education (n = 0)

Franke, D. (2008). Ein Haus im Wandel der Zeit. In B. für Bevölkerungsschutz & Katastrophenhilfe (Eds.), 50 Jahre Zivil- und Bevölkerungsschutz in Deutschland (pp. 10–29). Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe.

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Arnold, R., Faulstich, P., Mader, W., Nuissl von Rein, E., & Schlutz, E. (2000). Forschungsmemorandum für die Erwachsenen- und Weiterbildung. Retrieved February 13, 2023, from Deutsches Institut für Erwachsenenbildung: https://d-nb.info/969942753/34.

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