Restrictive and expansive policy learning – challenges and strategies for knowledge exchange in upper secondary education across the four countries of the UK

Abstract

This article examines the challenges and possibilities for UK policy learning in relation to upper secondary education (USE) across England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (NI) within current national and global policy contexts. Drawing on a range of international literature, the article explores the concepts of ‘restrictive’ and ‘expansive’ policy learning and develops a framework of dimensions for examining what is taking place across the UK at a time of change for all four national USE systems. From an examination of recent national policy literatures and interviews with key policy actors within the ‘UK laboratory’, we found that the conditions for expansive policy learning had markedly deteriorated due to ‘accelerating divergence’ between the three smaller countries and a dominant England that has been pursuing an ‘extreme Anglo Saxon education model’. The article also notes that some aspects of policy learning continue to take place ‘beneath the radar’ between UK and wide civil society organisations. This activity is more prevalent across the three smaller countries although each, to differing degrees, is still constrained by its position in relation to the UK as a whole.

Keywords:

• Policy learning
• upper secondary education
• United Kingdom
• Anglo-Saxon education model

View correction statement:

The concepts of ‘expansive and restrictive’ and ‘restrictive and expansive’ continua: a clarification in relation to a recent article in the Journal of Education Policy

Notes

1. See (http://www.compassonline.org.uk/education-inquiry/) and (http://www.ioe.ac.uk/research/89673.html).

2. See http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/40/contents.

3. See http://www2.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml.

4. Curriculum for Excellence (http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/thecurriculum/whatiscurriculumforexcellence/).

5. For the Welsh Baccalaureate, see (http://www.welshbaccalaureate.org.uk/Welsh-Baccalaureate-Home-Page/About-the-Welsh-Bac.

6. See http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/key_stage_4/entitlement_framework/.

7. See http://www.deni.gov.uk/fundamental-review-of-gcses-and-a-levels.