Linguistic and cultural properties of the Spanish adaptation of the CAT (SP-CAT): pilot results from neurotypical subjects

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the sample.

Variable	Total	Chile	Colombia	Spain	BF
	(N=82)	(N=44)	(N=28)	(N=10)
Age
Mean (SD)	53.9 (8.0)	54.3 (7.0)	50.6 (8.4)	61.3 (6.1)	0.033
Median [Min, Max]	54.0 [40.0, 71.0]	54.5 [40.0, 71.0]	49.5 [40.0, 71.0]	60.5 [51.0, 71.0]
Sex
Female	47 (57.3 %)	23 (52.3 %)	19 (67.9 %)	5 (50.0 %)	0.226
Male	35 (42.7 %)	21 (47.7 %)	9 (32.1 %)	5 (50.0 %)
Education (years)
Mean (SD)	13.2 (3.9)	11.9 (3.7)	15.3 (3.5)	12.7 (3.8)	0.020
Median [Min, Max]	13.0 [4.00, 22.0]	12.0 [4.00, 19.0]	16.0 [5.00, 22.0]	12.5 [7.0, 21.0]

Note. BF represents the Bayes factor supporting no differences between countries (null model). Therefore, small values support the hypothesis of differences between countries.

Figure 1. Density distribution of the performance by task and country.

Note. This figure presents a smooth curve that shows the probability density function, not the observed values. The x-axis shows scores in each test.

Table 2. Summary of tasks with low Bayes Factor (BF) values.

Task	Total (N=82)	Chile (N=44)	Colombia (N=28)	Spain (N=10)	BF
Gesture object use
Mean (SD)	10.9 (0.9)	11.0 (0.7)	10.4 (1.1)	11.8 (0.4)	0.006
Median [Min, Max]	11.0 (8.0, 12.0)	11.0 (9.0, 12.0)	10.0 (8.0, 12.0)	12.0 (11.0, 12.0)
Comprehension spoken sentences
Mean (SD)	29.0 (3.1)	27.8 (3.3)	30.8 (1.5)	29.7 (2.6)	0.003
Median [Min, Max]	30.0 (17.0, 32.0)	28.0 (17.0, 32.0)	31.5 (28.0, 32.0)	30.5 (24.0, 32.0)
Repetition of words
Mean (SD)	31.4 (1.3)	30.8 (1.7)	32.0 (0.2)	31.9 (0.3)	0.015
Median [Min, Max]	32.0 (26.0, 32.0)	32.0 (26.0, 32.0)	32.0 (31.0, 32.0)	32.0 (31.0, 32.0)
Spoken picture description
Mean (SD)	15.0 (1.7)	15.4 (1.2)	13.9 (2.1)	16.4 (1.1)	0.001
Median [Min, Max]	15.0 (11.0, 17.0)	15.0 (13.0, 17.0)	13.5 (11.0, 17.0)	17.0 (14.0, 17.0)
Reading aloud words
Mean (SD)	47.6 (0.9)	47.3 (1.1)	48.0 (0.0)	48.0 (0.0)	0.041
Median [Min, Max]	48.0 (44.0, 48.0)	48.0 (44.0, 48.0)	48.0 (48.0, 48.0)	48.0 (48.0, 48.0)
Reading nonwords
Mean (SD)	9.7 (0.9)	9.4 (1.1)	10.0 (0.0)	10.0 (0.0)	0.071
Median [Min, Max]	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)	10.0 (10.0, 10.0)	10.0 (10.0, 10.0)

Note. BF represents the Bayes factor supporting no differences between countries (null model). Therefore, small values support the hypothesis of differences between countries.

Table

COGNITIVE BATTERY
Task	Adaptation
1. Line bisection 2. Semantic memory 3. Word fluency 4. Recognition memory 5. Gesture object use 6. Arithmetic	Same as original 6/10 target items preserved Same as original 7/10 target items preserved Same as original Same as original
LANGUAGE BATTERY
a. Language comprehension
- Comprehension of spoken language:
7. Comprehension of spoken words 9. Comprehension of spoken sentences 11. Comprehension of spoken paragraphs	N° of features & position changes Gender & word order Cultural adaptation
- Comprehension of written language:
8. Comprehension of written words 10. Comprehension of written sentences	N° of features & position changes Gender & word order
b. Expressive language:
- Repetition
12. Repetition of words 13. Repetition of complex words 14. Repetition of non-words 15. Repetition of digit strings 16. Repetition of sentences	Word length Same as original Consonant clusters Same as original 6/8 target items preserved
- Spoken language production
17. Naming objects 18. Naming actions	Word length Infinitives
- Spoken picture production
19. Spoken picture description	Picture + Scoring system
- Reading aloud
20. Reading words 21. Reading complex words 22. Reading function words 23. Reading non-words	Word length 2/3 target items preserved Same as original Consonant clusters
- Writing
24. Writing: Copying 25. Writing picture names 26. Writing to dictation	Orthographic transparency Orthographic transparency Orthographic transparency
- Written picture description
27. Written picture description	Picture + Scoring system

Table

Word	Task	Item	Chile	Colombia	Spain	Name agreement average	Total N
silbato	2	1	0.97	0.91	1	0.96	75
mano	2	2	1	1	1	1	75
cerillas	2	3	0.97	0.96	1	0.98	75
almohada	2	4	0.97	1	1	0.99	74
reloj	2	6	1	0.96	1	0.99	75
monja	2	7	0.95	0.91	1	0.95	74
tienda	2	8	1	0.95	1	0.98	74
botella	2	9	1	0.96	1	0.99	75
flor	2	10	0.92	0.87	1	0.93	75
casa	7	1	1	1	1	1	74
cuerno	7	3	0.97	1	0.92	0.97	75
bota	7	5	1	1	0.92	0.97	75
copa	7	6	0.97	1	1	0.99	75
foca	7	8	1	0.91	1	0.97	70
gato	7	9	1	1	1	1	75
oveja	7	10	0.97	0.96	1	0.98	74
rata	7	13	1	1	1	1	75
mesa	8	3	1	1	1	1	75
carta	8	4	1	0.96	1	0.99	74
vela	8	7	0.97	0.96	1	0.98	75
rama	8	8	1	0.91	0.92	0.95	75
toro	8	9	0.97	1	0.92	0.97	75
hueso	8	10	1	0.91	1	0.97	73
lima	8	11	0.9	0.91	0.92	0.91	75
cama	8	13	0.95	1	1	0.98	75
fuente	8	14	1	0.95	1	0.98	74
barco	8	15	0.92	0.91	1	0.95	75
teléfono	17	1	1	0.96	1	0.99	75
reloj	17	2	0.97	0.91	1	0.96	75
microscopio	17	6	0.92	0.87	1	0.93	74
lupa	17	7	1	1	1	1	75
pera	17	8	1	1	1	1	75
bicicleta	17	11	1	0.91	1	0.97	75
elefante	17	13	1	1	1	1	75
barril	17	18	1	1	1	1	75
escalera	17	19	0.95	1	1	0.98	75
llama	17	21	0.95	0.91	0.92	0.93	75
murciélago	17	22	1	0.96	1	0.99	75
leer	18	1	1	0.87	1	0.96	75
barrer	18	2	1	0.91	1	0.97	75
pintar	18	3	0.97	0.87	0.92	0.92	75
recortar	18	5	1	1	1	1	75
rey	25	1	0.97	1	1	0.99	75
oso	25	2	1	1	1	1	75
ancla	25	4	1	0.96	1	0.99	75
jirafa	25	5	1	0.96	1	0.99	75
egipcio	2	5	0.85	1	0.92	0.92	56
pala	7	2	1	1	1	1	56
sierra	7	4	1	1	1	1	56
cuna	7	11	1	1	1	1	56
maleta	7	12	1	1	1	1	56
juego	7	15	1	1	1	1	55
dedal	8	1	0.88	1	1	0.96	55
sable	8	2	1	1	1	1	53
cocina	8	5	0.96	1	1	0.99	56
pata	8	12	1	1	1	1	56
submarino	17	3	0.88	1	1	0.96	56
semáforo	17	4	1	1	1	1	56
pulpo	17	5	1	1	1	1	55
raíz	17	14	1	1	1	1	56
calendario	17	16	0.96	0.94	1	0.97	56
termómetro	17	23	1	1	1	1	55
túnel	17	24	1	1	1	1	56
nadar	18	4	1	1	1	1	55
muro	7	14	0.92	1	1	0.97	63
espátula	17	17	1	1	0.93	0.98	62
dinosaurio	17	9	1	0.91	1	0.97	61
timón	17	10	0.97	1	1	0.99	62
búho	17	20	0.97	1	0.93	0.97	63
pavo	25	3	0.97	1	0.93	0.97	63
cisne	17	15	0.95	1	1	0.98	63
rana	7	7	1	1	1	1	31
ostra	17	12	0.89	0.74	0.93	0.85	75
espina	8	6	0.97	0.94	1	0.97	68

Note: The values on this table range from 0 to 1, with 1 representing 100% agreement. The columns Chile, Colombia, and Spain reflect the name agreement found in each country. The name agreement average column represents the average name agreement across countries. The total N column represents the number of respondents across countries for each item.

Table

Word	Task	Item	Imageability Value	Imageability Source	Imageability for the SP-CAT	Lexical Frequency for the SP-CAT	RAE Lexical frequency
patín	12	1	4.6	pre-testing	H	L	NA
presidente	12	2	3.65	pre-testing	L	H	598.78
desdén	12	3	1.65	pre-testing	L	L	NA
radio	12	4	4.9	pre-testing	H	H	126.31
pesar	12	5	3.42	pre-testing	L	H	206.05
ministerio	12	6	2.6	pre-testing	L	H	155.88
planta	12	8	4.6	pre-testing	H	H	69.4
personaje	12	10	3.5	pre-testing	L	H	68.03
marinero	12	12	4.15	pre-testing	L	L	NA
evidencia	12	13	1.6	pre-testing	L	H	37.63
sacacorchos	12	14	4.9	pre-testing	H	L	NA
cara	12	15	4.8	pre-testing	H	H	181.93
castor	12	16	4.6	pre-testing	H	L	NA
servilleta	12	7	6.9	Guasch	H	L	NA
rectángulo	12	9	6.86	Guasch	H	L	NA
quietud	12	11	3.04	Guasch	L	L	NA
reloj	17	2	4.9	pre-testing	H	H	34.07
pera	17	8	4.85	pre-testing	H	L	NA
elefante	17	13	4.85	pre-testing	H	L	NA
bicicleta	17	11	4.95	pre-testing	H	H	14.7
teléfono	17	1	4.9	pre-testing	H	H	82
lupa	17	7	4.59	pre-testing	H	L	NA
barril	17	18	4.6	pre-testing	H	L	NA
llama	17	21	4.28	pre-testing	L	L	97.68
murciélago	17	22	4.6	pre-testing	H	L	NA
submarino	17	3	4.23	pre-testing	L	L	NA
semáforo	17	4	4.66	pre-testing	H	H	NA
pulpo	17	5	4.52	pre-testing	H	L	NA
raíz	17	14	4.36	pre-testing	L	H	45.28
calendario	17	16	4.5	pre-testing	L	H	21.92
espátula	17	17	4.33	pre-testing	L	L	NA
termómetro	17	23	4.5	pre-testing	L	L	NA
túnel	17	24	4.47	pre-testing	L	H	97.68
dinosaurio	17	9	4.18	pre-testing	L	L	NA
timón	17	10	3.96	pre-testing	L	L	NA
búho	17	20	4.25	pre-testing	L	L	NA
ostra	17	12	4.14	pre-testing	L	L	NA
microscopio	17	6	6.82	Guasch	H	L	NA
cisne	17	15	6.68	Guasch	H	L	NA
escalera	17	19	6.82	Guasch	H	H	26.34
contenedor	20	1	4.75	pre-testing	H	L	NA
bailarina	20	16	4.8	pre-testing	H	L	NA
brillar	20	21	3.95	pre-testing	L	L	NA
chocolate	20	24	4.9	pre-testing	H	H	16.68
culpa	20	13	2.55	pre-testing	L	H	19.69
diccionario	20	20	4.74	pre-testing	H	H	13.92
educación	20	14	3.37	pre-testing	L	H	172.57
estropajo	20	10	4.75	pre-testing	H	L	NA
pasaporte	20	6	4.6	pre-testing	H	H	10.21
pasar	20	15	2.9	pre-testing	L	H	157.63
pierna	20	4	4.8	pre-testing	H	H	25.31
porcelana	20	22	3.55	pre-testing	L	L	NA
siglo	20	18	2.15	pre-testing	L	H	274.58
sonajero	20	7	4.65	pre-testing	H	L	NA
televisión	20	19	4.85	pre-testing	H	H	156.91
tomar	20	9	3.6	pre-testing	L	H	134.32
zorro	20	8	4.55	pre-testing	H	L	NA
causa	20	11	2.25	pre-testing	L	H	152.61
goce	20	2	2.77	Guasch	L	L	NA
micrófono	20	3	6.91	Guasch	H	L	NA
trecho	20	5	3	Guasch	L	L	NA
dormitorio	20	12	6.87	Guasch	H	H	19.69
hurgar	20	17	4.25	Guasch	L	L	NA
pecar	20	23	2.04	Guasch	L	L	NA
jirafa	25	5	4.9	pre-testing	H	L	NA
rey	25	1	4.57	pre-testing	H	H	143.59
ancla	25	4	4.61	pre-testing	H	L	NA
pavo	25	3	4.51	pre-testing	H	L	NA
oso	25	2	4.58	pre-testing	H	H	9.01
pez	26	1	4.85	pre-testing	H	H	10.81
pulpa	26	3	3.15	pre-testing	L	L	NA
hada	26	2	5.59	Guasch	H	L	NA
incomodidad	26	4	2.59	Guasch	L	L	NA

Note: The numbers on the imageability value column corresponds to imaginability scores obtained in our pre-testing of items or derived from Guasch, Ferré & Fraga (2016). In this column, the cutoff point from our item pre-testing for high vs. low imaginable words was set at more than 4.5 on a 5-point Likert scale. Similarly, the cutoff point for high vs. low imageability from the Guasch et al., 2016 was set at more than 5.5. The imageability source column reflects whether the imageability value comes from our pre-testing or from Guasch et al., 2016. H = high. L = low. The RAE Lexical frequency column reflects the values of lexical frequency reported in the ‘Corpus of Reference of Current Spanish’ (CREA) developed by the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE). Words included in the 10,000 most frequent word were judged as highly frequent, whereas those not included were considered low-frequency words.

Table

Task	Total	Chile	Colombia	Spain	BF
	(N=82)	(N=44)	(N=28)	(N=10)
Line bisection
Mean (SD)	0.1 (0.9)	-0.1 (1.0)	0.6 (0.7)	-0.1 (0.4)	0.111
Median [Min, Max]	0.0 (-2.5, 1.5)	0.0 (-2.5, 1.5)	0.8 (-0.5, 1.5)	0.0 (-0.8, 0.5)
Semantic memory
Mean (SD)	9.5 (0.8)	9.3 (0.9)	9.7 (0.5)	9.9 (0.3)	0.299
Median [Min, Max]	10.0 (7.0, 10.0)	9.5 (7.0, 10.0)	10.0 (8.0, 10.0)	10.0 (9.0, 10.0)
Word fluency - animal
Mean (SD)	19.1 (6.1)	18.5 (5.2)	19.9 (5.5)	20.0 (10.2)	4.842
Median [Min, Max]	19.0 (4.0, 34.0)	18.0 (9.0, 34.0)	21.0 (11.0, 30.0)	21.5 (4.0, 33.0)
Word fluency - /s/
Mean (SD)	11.4 (4.8)	11.0 (3.8)	11.7 (4.4)	13.2 (8.4)	3.75
Median [Min, Max]	11.0 (2.0, 27.0)	11.0 (3.0, 20.0)	10.5 (5.0, 21.0)	12.0 (2.0, 27.0)
Recognition memory
Mean (SD)	9.7 (0.7)	9.7 (0.8)	9.7 (0.6)	9.7 (0.5)	7.872
Median [Min, Max]	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)	10.0 (8.0, 10.0)	10.0 (9.0, 10.0)
Gesture object use
Mean (SD)	10.9 (0.9)	11.0 (0.7)	10.4 (1.1)	11.8 (0.4)	0.006
Median [Min, Max]	11.0 (8.0, 12.0)	11.0 (9.0, 12.0)	10.0 (8.0, 12.0)	12.0 (11.0, 12.0)
Arithmetic
Mean (SD)	4.9 (1.0)	4.7 (1.0)	5.3 (1.0)	5.0 (0.8)	0.637
Median [Min, Max]	5.0 (3.0, 6.0)	5.0 (3.0, 6.0)	6.0 (3.0, 6.0)	5.0 (3.0, 6.0)
Comprehension spoken words
Mean (SD)	27.6 (1.8)	27.3 (1.9)	27.8 (1.7)	28.8 (1.5)	0.71
Median [Min, Max]	28.0 (23.0, 30.0)	27.5 (23.0, 30.0)	28.0 (24.0, 30.0)	29.5 (26.0, 30.0)
Comprehension spoken sentences
Mean (SD)	29.0 (3.1)	27.8 (3.3)	30.8 (1.5)	29.7 (2.6)	0.003
Median [Min, Max]	30.0 (17.0, 32.0)	28.0 (17.0, 32.0)	31.5 (28.0, 32.0)	30.5 (24.0, 32.0)
Comprehension spoken paragraphs
Mean (SD)	3.6 (0.6)	3.7 (0.5)	3.6 (0.6)	3.6 (0.5)	7.332
Median [Min, Max]	4.0 (2.0, 4.0)	4.0 (2.0, 4.0)	4.0 (2.0, 4.0)	4.0 (3.0, 4.0)
Comprehension written words
Mean (SD)	29.2 (1.3)	29.0 (1.4)	29.3 (1.1)	29.4 (1.3)	5.229
Median [Min, Max]	30.0 (25.0, 30.0)	30.0 (25.0, 30.0)	30.0 (26.0, 30.0)	30.0 (26.0, 30.0)
Comprehension written sentences
Mean (SD)	28.8 (3.0)	27.9 (3.2)	29.8 (2.4)	30.0 (2.4)	0.172
Median [Min, Max]	30.0 (20.0, 32.0)	28.5 (20.0, 32.0)	30.0 (25.0, 32.0)	31.0 (24.0, 32.0)
Repetition of words
Mean (SD)	31.4 (1.3)	30.8 (1.7)	32.0 (0.2)	31.9 (0.3)	0.015
Median [Min, Max]	32.0 (26.0, 32.0)	32.0 (26.0, 32.0)	32.0 (31.0, 32.0)	32.0 (31.0, 32.0)
Repetition of complex words
Mean (SD)	5.9 (0.4)	5.9 (0.5)	6.0 (0.0)	6.0 (0.0)	0.371
Median [Min, Max]	6.0 (4.0, 6.0)	6.0 (4.0, 6.0)	6.0 (6.0, 6.0)	6.0 (6.0, 6.0)
Repetition of nonwords
Mean (SD)	8.9 (1.5)	8.8 (1.7)	9.1 (1.0)	9.1 (1.7)	4.971
Median [Min, Max]	10.0 (4.0, 10.0)	10.0 (4.0, 10.0)	10.0 (8.0, 10.0)	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)
Repetition of digit strings
Mean (SD)	12.1 (1.9)	11.7 (2.0)	12.9 (1.8)	11.6 (1.6)	0.523
Median [Min, Max]	12.0 (8.0, 14.0)	12.0 (8.0, 14.0)	14.0 (8.0, 14.0)	12.0 (10.0, 14.0)
Repetition of sentences
Mean (SD)	11.9 (0.7)	11.8 (0.9)	12.0 (0.0)	12.0 (0.0)	2.935
Median [Min, Max]	12.0 (8.0, 12.0)	12.0 (8.0, 12.0)	12.0 (12.0, 12.0)	12.0 (12.0, 12.0)
Naming objects
Mean (SD)	41.6 (3.4)	41.3 (3.5)	41.7 (3.3)	42.2 (2.8)	6.173
Median [Min, Max]	42.0 (32.0, 46.0)	42.0 (32.0, 46.0)	42.0 (34.0, 46.0)	42.0 (38.0, 46.0)
Naming actions
Mean (SD)	9.8 (0.8)	9.7 (1.0)	9.9 (0.4)	10.0 (0.0)	4.005
Median [Min, Max]	10.0 (4.0, 10.0)	10.0 (4.0, 10.0)	10.0 (8.0, 10.0)	10.0 (10.0, 10.0)
Spoken picture description
Mean (SD)	15.0 (1.7)	15.4 (1.2)	13.9 (2.1)	16.4 (1.1)	0.001
Median [Min, Max]	15.0 (11.0, 17.0)	15.0 (13.0, 17.0)	13.5 (11.0, 17.0)	17.0 (14.0, 17.0)
Reading aloud words
Mean (SD)	47.6 (0.9)	47.3 (1.1)	48.0 (0.0)	48.0 (0.0)	0.041
Median [Min, Max]	48.0 (44.0, 48.0)	48.0 (44.0, 48.0)	48.0 (48.0, 48.0)	48.0 (48.0, 48.0)
Reading aloud complex words
Mean (SD)	5.8 (0.7)	5.6 (0.9)	6.0 (0.0)	5.8 (0.6)	0.812
Median [Min, Max]	6.0 (2.0, 6.0)	6.0 (2.0, 6.0)	6.0 (6.0, 6.0)	6.0 (4.0, 6.0)
Reading function words
Mean (SD)	6.0 (0.3)	5.9 (0.4)	6.0 (0.0)	6.0 (0.0)	3.922
Median [Min, Max]	6.0 (4.0, 6.0)	6.0 (4.0, 6.0)	6.0 (6.0, 6.0)	6.0 (6.0, 6.0)
Reading nonwords
Mean (SD)	9.7 (0.9)	9.4 (1.1)	10.0 (0.0)	10.0 (0.0)	0.071
Median [Min, Max]	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)	10.0 (6.0, 10.0)	10.0 (10.0, 10.0)	10.0 (10.0, 10.0)
Writing: Copying
Mean (SD)	26.1 (1.9)	26.0 (2.0)	26.8 (1.1)	25.2 (2.8)	0.827
Median [Min, Max]	27.0 (16.0, 28.0)	27.0 (16.0, 27.0)	27.0 (21.0, 27.0)	27.0 (22.0, 28.0)
Writing picture names
Mean (SD)	20.3 (1.2)	20.3 (1.2)	20.3 (1.4)	20.7 (0.5)	5.544
Median [Min, Max]	21.0 (17.0, 21.0)	21.0 (17.0, 21.0)	21.0 (17.0, 21.0)	21.0 (20.0, 21.0)
Writing to dictation
Mean (SD)	27.0 (1.1)	26.8 (1.3)	27.3 (0.8)	27.1 (0.9)	2.756
Median [Min, Max]	27.0 (22.0, 28.0)	27.0 (22.0, 28.0)	27.0 (26.0, 28.0)	27.0 (26.0, 28.0)
Written picture description
Mean (SD)	12.0 (1.9)	11.6 (2.1)	12.2 (1.7)	13.0 (1.4)	0.76
Median [Min, Max]	13.0 (7.0, 14.0)	12.5 (7.0, 14.0)	12.0 (8.0, 14.0)	14.0 (11.0, 14.0)

Note. BF represents the Bayes factor supporting no differences between countries (null model). Therefore, small values support the hypothesis of differences between countries.

Guasch, M., Ferré, P., & Fraga, I. (2016). Spanish norms for affective and lexico-semantic variables for 1,400 words. Behav Res Methods, 48(4), 1358–1369. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0684-y

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