The Effect of Fuel Type and Aftertreatment Method on Ultrafine Particle Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

Figures & data

TABLE 1 Fuels and aftertreatment configurations evaluated in this study

	Engine Out	DOC	CRDPF	EGR-DPF
Diesel Fuel 1 & 2 (DF1, DF2) ^1	X	X
Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD)	X	X
Equilon ULSD (EULSD) ^2	X	X	X	X
Tosco ULSD (TULSD) ^3		X	X	X
Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)		X	X	X
Biodiesel (B20) ^4		X	X	X
PuriNOx™ (PNOx) ^5		X	X

TABLE 2 Test engine description

	Description
Engine Manufacturer	International—Navistar
Model	DT466
Year	2001
Serial Number	1234128
Chassis Number	1H357582
Air Handling System	Turbo-charged, Air-to-Air, Intercooling
Control	Electronic
Bore (mm)	116.5
Stroke (mm)	118.9
Cycles	4-stroke
Number of Cylinders	In-Line 6
Displacement (liters)	7.6
Curb-Idle Speed (rpm)	700
Rated Power	230 hp @ 2300 rpm

TABLE 3 Test fuel analysis

Fuels	D1	D2	LSD	E-ULSD	T-ULSD	F-T	B20	PNOx
Density (kg/m3) ASTM D4052	826.2	845.9	818.2	826.4	824.3	783.3	837.9	839.2
Flash Point (°C) ASTM D93A	48.0	62.0	55.0	69.0	70.0	85.0	73.0	—
Cetane Number ASTM D613	42.5	42.0	41.9	42.9	43.1	> 74.8	49.7	50.9
Viscosity @ 40°C ASTM D445	1.727	2.385	1.500	1.790	1.716	3.564	2.108	2.203
Total Sulfur (ppm) ASTM D5453	472	410	162	28	27	1.2	21	30
Aromatics (%) ASTM D1319	22.2	30.6	17.8	20.2	20.9	0.8	29.6	21.6
Carbon, %m ASTM	86.24	86.54	86.56	86.38	85.69	85.12	84.47	80.05
Hydrogen, %m ASTM	13.51	13.18	13.66	13.52	13.72	15.09	13.32	13.45
Nitrogen, %m ASTM	11.44	24.91	6.46	5.56	4.35	0.593	4.24	794.2
Olefins, %v ASTM	1.4	1.2	2.8	3.6	1.5	0.8	3.5	3.4
Saturates ASTM	—	—	79.4	76.2	80.1	98.4	66.9	75.0

FIG. 1 ELPI EULSD distributions hot starts for each aftertreatment method.

FIG. 2 Time series ELPI distributions for the 2nd hot start transient for 30 to 270 nm for EULSD fuel and a) Engine Out and b) DOC aftertreatment.

FIG. 3 Time series ELPI distributions for the 2nd hot start transient for 30 to 270 nm for EULSD fuel and a) CRDPF and b) EGR-DPF aftertreatment.

FIG. 4 ELPI distributions hot starts for each aftertreatment method, all fuels averaged.

FIG. 5 ELPI distributions hot starts for CRDPF, all individual fuels.

FIG. 6 ELPI distributions hot starts for EGR-CRDPF, all individual fuels. Data for F-T at 420 nm was invalidated.

FIG. 7 Steady state distributions for EULSD only, measured using a) ELPI and b) SMPS.

FIG. 8 ELPI distributions for each aftertreatment method, all fuels averaged plus PNOx.

FIG. 9 SMPS distributions steady state for Engine Out, all individual fuels.

FIG. 10 ELPI distributions steady state for DOC, all individual fuels.

FIG. 11 SMPS distributions steady state for DOC, all individual fuels.

FIG. 12 ELPI distributions steady state for CRDPF and EGR-CRDPF, all individual fuels.

FIG. 13 SMPS distributions steady state for CRDPF and EGR-CRDPF.

FIG. 14 ELPI distributions cold starts for each aftertreatment method, all fuels averaged.

FIG. 15 ELPI distributions for CRDPF and EGR-CRDPF, hot starts vs cold starts, all fuels averaged.