The Effect of Fuel Type and Aftertreatment Method on Ultrafine Particle Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine

REFERENCES

• Boehman , A. , Alam , M. , Song , J. , Acharya , R. , Szybist , J. and Zello , V. Fuel Formulation Effects on Diesel Fuel Injection, Combustion, Emissions, and Emission Control . Proceedings of DOE 2003 Diesel Engine Emissions Reduction Conference . August 2003 , Newport, RI.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee , S. , Conway , R. , Lanni , T. , Frank , B. P. , Tang , S. , Rosenblatt , D. , Bush , C. , Lowell , D. , Evans , J. , McLean , R. and Leavy , S. 2002 . Performance and Durability Evaluation of Continuously Regenerating Particulate Filter on Diesel Powered Urban Buses at NY City Transit—Part II SAE Technical Paper. 2002-01-0430
   Google Scholar
• Clark , N. , Gautam , M. , Lyons , D. W. , Atkinson , Z. , Xie , W. , Norton , P. , Vertin , K. , Goguen , J. and Eberhardt , J. 1999 . On-Road Use of Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Blends SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-2251
   Google Scholar
• Dominici , F. , Peng , R. D. , Bell , M. L. , Pham , L. , McDermott , A. , Zeger , S. L. and Samet , J. M. 2006 . Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admission for Cardiovascular and Respirator Diseases . J. Amer. Med. Assoc. , 295 : 1127 – 1134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durbin , T. and Norbeck , J. 2002 . Effects of Biodiesel Blends and Arco EC-Diesel on Emissions from Light Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles . Environ Sci Technol. , 36 : 1586 – 1691 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , B. P. , Tang , S. , Lanni , T. , Rideout , G. , Beregszaszy , C. , Meyer , N. , Chatterjee , S. , Conway , R. , Lowell , D. , Bush , C. and Evans , J. 2004 . A Study of the Effects of Fuel Types and Emission Control Systems on Regulated Gaseous Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1085
   Google Scholar
• Henningsen , S. 1994 . Influence of the Fuel Injection Equipment on NOx Emissions and Particulates on a Large Heavy-Duty Two-Stroke Diesel Engine Operating on Water-in-Fuel Emulsion SAE 941783
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , T. , Caldow , R. , Pöcher , A. , Mirme , A. and Kittleson , D. , eds. An Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Transient Emission Particle Measurements . 7th ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles . August 18–20 2003 , Zürich, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Keskinen , J. , Pietarinen , K. and Lehtimäki , M. 1992 . Electrical Low Pressure Impactor . J. Aerosol Sci. , 23 : 353 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalek , I. A. , Spears , M. and Charmley , W. 2003 . Particle Size Distribution from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine: Steady-State and Transient Emission Measurement Using Two Dilution Systems and Two Fuels SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0285
   Google Scholar
• Koike , E. and Kobayashi , T. 2006 . Chemical and Biological Oxidative Effects of Carbon Black Nanoparticles . Chemosphere. , 65 : 946 – 951 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer , D. A. , Petek , N. and Schiferl , E. 2001 . Maximizing the Effectiveness of Water Blended Fuel in reducing Emissions by Varying Injection Timing or Using After-Treatment Device SAE 2001-01-0513
   Google Scholar
• Limbach , L. , Grass , R. N. , Brunner , T. J. and Stark , W. J. 2005 . Oxide Nanoparticle Uptake in Human Lung Fibroblasts: Effects of Particle Size Agglomeration, and Diffusion at Low Concentrations . Environ Sci Technol. , 39 : 9370 – 9376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq , M. M. , Podsiadlik , D. H. and Chase , R. E. 2000 . Size Distributions of Motor Vehicle Exhaust PM: A Comparison Between ELPI and SMPS Measurements . Aerosol Sci Technol. , 33 : 239 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , N. L. , Törnqvist , H. , Robinson , S. D. , Gonzalez , M. , Darnley , K. , MacNee , W. , Boon , N. A. , Donaldson , K. , Blomberg , A. , Sandstrom , T. and Newby , D. E. 2005 . Diesel Exhaust Inhalation Causes Vascular Dysfunction and Impaired Endogenous Fibrinolysis . Circulation , 112 : 3930 – 3936 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , P. , Vertin , K. , Bailey , B. , Clark , N. , Lyons , D. W. , Goguen , S. and Eberhardt , J. 1998 . Emissions from Trucks Using Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuel SAE Technical Paper 982526
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster , G. , Sharp , G. , Atudorei , V. , Elder , A. , Gelein , R. , Kreyling , W. and Cox , C. 2004 . Translocation of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles to the Brain . Inhalation Toxicol. , 16 : 347 – 445 .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , A. , von Klot , S. , Heier , M. , Trentinaglia , I. , Hörmann , A. , Wichmann , H. E. and Löwell , H. 2004 . Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction . New England Journal of Medicine , 351 : 121 – 1730 .
   Google Scholar
• Risom , L. , Moller , P. and Loft , S. 2005 . Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage by Particulate Air Pollution . Mutation Research , 592 : 119 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ristovski , Z. D. , Jayaratne , E. R. , Lim , M. , Ayoko , G. A. and Morawaska , L. 2006 . Influence of Diesel Fuel Sulfur on Nanoparticle Emissions from City Buses . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 40 : 1314 – 1320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , T. , Frank , B. P. , Lanni , T. , Rideout , G. , Meyer , N. and Beregszaszy , C. 2006 . Unregulated Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine with Various Fuels and Emission Control Systems . Environ. Sci. Technol. , in press
   Google Scholar
• U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation . 2002 . A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions EPA420-P-02-001
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation . 2002 . Impacts of Lubrizol's PuriNOx Water/Diesel Emulsion on Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Engines EPA420-P-02-007
   Google Scholar
• Wang , S. C. and Flagan , R. C. 1990 . Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer . Aerosol Sci. and Tech. , 13 : 230 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , W. G. , Lyons , D. W. , Clark Gautam , N. and Norton , M. P. M. 2000 . Emissions from Nine Heavy-Duty Trucks Fueled by Diesel and Biodiesel Blend without Engine Modifications . Environ Sci Technol. , 34 : 933 – 939 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warheit , D. B. , Laurence , B. R. , Reed , K. L. , Roach , D. L. , Reynolds , G. A. M. and Webb , T. R. 2005 . Comparative Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Rats . Toxicol Sci. , 77 : 117 – 125 .
   Google Scholar