Estimation of genetic parameters, provenance performances, and genotype by environment interactions for growth and stiffness in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Locations of six lodgepole pine progeny trials (within three breeding zones) in northern Sweden (A) and their seed origins (provenances) distributed in Yukon and British Columbia (BC) in Western Canada (B).

Table 1. Site descriptions for six lodgepole pine progeny trials assessed for DBH, MOE_tof and survival.

	Mader	Jovan	Övra	Hemmingen	Lagfors	Hemmesmark
Site_ID	F816367	F816366	F806373	F806371	F796374	F796375
Breeding zone	2	2	4	4	5	5
Year of establishment	1981	1981	1980	1980	1979	1979
Latitude	65° 47′ N	64° 58′ N	63° 57′ N	64° 45′ N	62° 46′ N	64° 09′ N
Longitude	19° 00′ E	17° 18′ E	16°46′ E	19° 38′ E	17° 08′ E	20° 19′ E
Elevation (m)	490	465	350	285	220	160
Soil	Sandy-silty moraine	Sandy-silty moraine	Sandy-silty moraine	Sandy-silty moraine	Sandy morain	Sandy morain
Year of DBH-MOE measurement	2014–^dSep. 2013	2014–Sep. 2013	2014–July 2014	2015–June 2014	2015–June 2014	2015–Sep. 2014
Total no. of provenances	4^a	4^a	4^b	4^b	2^c	2^c
Total no. of families	211	212	178	179	214	214
Total no. of sampled trees and families for DBH	1943-211	5547-212	4329-178	4662-179	6289-214	3129-214
Total no. of sampled trees and families for MOEtof	1174-108	1241-102	1250-100	1242-101	1332-115	1325-111
Total no. of sampled trees and families for survival	5022-211	8640-212	5490-178	5489-179	6904-214	4594-214

Note: MOE_tof: modulus of elasticity of time of flight; DBH: diameter at breast height.

^aCarmacks, Frances Lake, Watson Lake, Whitehorse.

^bFort Nelson, Watson Lake, Fort St. John, Prince George.

^cFort St. John, Prince George.

^dSeptember.

Table 2. Climate information (from 1979 to 2015) for six lodgepole pine progeny trials within three breeding zones located in northern Sweden.

Zone	Trial	MAT (°C)	MAP (mm)	MASF (mm)	MTGS (°C)	MPGS (mm)	MTSUM (°C)	MPSUM (mm)	MTCM (°C)
2	Mader	–0.2	681	262	6.7	463	10.3	309	–10.4
2	Jovan	1.2	684	229	7.7	468	11.2	315	–8.6
4	Övra	1.2	728	257	7.7	490	11.1	316	–8.6
4	Hemmingen	1.3	666	237	7.8	444	11.4	287	–8.5
5	Lagfors	2.8	716	237	8.82	472	12	288	–6.4
5	Hemmesmark	2.7	763	283	8.68	475	11.9	288	–6.6

Notes: Mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual precipitation as snow (MASF) (mean precipitation at temperature <0°), mean temperature during growing season (April to October) (MTGS), mean precipitation during growing season (April to October) (MPGS), mean temperature during summer (May to August) (MTSUM), mean precipitation during summer (May to August) (MPSUM), mean temperature in the coldest months (January to March) (MTCM).

Table 3. Descriptive statistics for DBH, MOE_tof and the survival rate at six progeny trials of lodgepole pine.

	Mader	Jovan	Övra	Hemmingen	Lagfors	Hemmesmark
DBH (mm)
Mean	132	116.8	130.5	114.1	128.1	105.2
Min–Max	44–218	29–209	30–232.5	21.5–211	40–250	15.5–219
${\sigma }_A^2$	242.4	112	98.7	151.5	89.2	207.4
${\sigma }_p^2$	755	648	1003	884	744	912
$C{V}_A$ (%)	11.8	9	7.6	10.8	7.4	13.7
MOEtof (Gpa)
Mean	11.2	13.7	13.7	13.6	15.9	15.1
Min–Max	5.4–17.9	7.9–18.8	5.5–21	7.7–22	9.2–25.6	8.4–20.8
${\sigma }_A^2$	1.75	1.4	0.98	1.64	1.3	2.05
${\sigma }_p^2$	4.0	2.9	5.4	3.6	4.6	3.5
$C{V}_A$ (%)	11.8	8.6	7.2	9.4	7.2	9.4
Survival (%)
Survival rate (%)	51	82	74	83	75	66

Note: DBH: diameter at breast height; MOEtof: modulus of elasticity of time of flight; ${\sigma }_A^2$: Additive genetic variance; ${\sigma }_p^2$: phenotypic variance; $C{V}_A$: Coefficient of additive genetic variation.

Figure 2. Diameter at breast height (DBH) (mm) means for provenances of lodgepole at the six progeny trials (within three breeding zones) in northern Sweden. The vertical lines in the middle of the boxes are error bars.

Figure 3. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) (GPa) means for provenances of lodgepole at the six progeny trials (within three breeding zones) in northern Sweden. The vertical lines in the middle of the boxes are error bars.

Table 4. Phenotypic ($r_p$) and additive genetic ($r_a$) correlations between DBH and MOE_tof, narrow-sense heritability estimates ($h^2$) for DBH, MOE_tof, and survival at the six progeny trials of lodgepole pine.

Site	DBH-MOEtof correlation		$h^2$
	$r_a$	$r_p$	DBH	MOEtof	Survival
Mader	–0.59 (0.14)	–0.34 (0.03)	0.32 (0.09)	0.44 (0.11)	0.74 (0.15)
Jovan	–0.12 (0.17)	–0.06 (0.03)	0.17 (0.03)	0.47 (0.11)	0.13 (0.09)
Övra	–0.35 (0.20)	–0.20 (0.03)	0.10 (0.04)	0.18 (0.09)	0.24 (0.12)
Hemmingen	–0.45 (0.13)	–0.29 (0.03)	0.17 (0.04)	0.46 (0.11)	0.43 (0.15)
Lagfors	–0.20 (0.14)	–0.05 (0.03)	0.12 (0.04)	0.29 (0.10)	0.58 (0.12)
Hemmesmark	0.21 (0.15)	–0.05 (0.03)	0.23 (0.08)	0.58 (0.11)	0.06 (0.12)

Note: MOE_tof: modulus of elasticity of time of flight; DBH: diameter at breast height.

Table 5. Phenotypic ($r_p$) and additive genetic ($r_a$) correlations between DBH and MOE_tof, type-B genetic correlations ($r_b)$, genetic gain $(\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_i$) and correlated genetic response ($C{R}_t$) narrow-sense heritability estimates ($h^2$) for DBH, MOE_tof, and survival based on combined-site analysis.

				DBH-MOEtof
Site	DBH	MOEtof	Survival	$r_a$	$r_p$
Mader-Jovan				–0.26 (0.17)	–0.22 (0.02)
$h^2$	0.19 (0.03)	0.19 (0.08)	0.24 (0.06)
${\sigma }_A^2$	129	0.68	0.37
${\sigma }_p^2$	675	3.56	1.5
$r_b$	0.94 (0.14)	0.46 (0.17)	0.99 (0.00)
$\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_i$ (%)	10.9	7.6	–
$C{R}_t$ (%)	–2.8	–2.0	–
Övra-Hemmingen				–0.34 (0.14)	–0.25 (0.02)
$h^2$	0.09 (0.03)	0.27 (0.07)	0.13 (0.09)
${\sigma }_A^2$	88	1.24	0.17
${\sigma }_p^2$	965	4.6	1.36
$r_b$	0.74 (0.24)	0.99 (0.00)	0.40 (0.30)
$\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_i$ (%)	6.1	11.3	–
$C{R}_t$ (%)	–3.6	–2.2	–
Lagfors-Hemmesmark				0.27 (0.15)	–0.03 (0.02)
$h^2$	0.12 (0.03)	0.25 (0.07)	0.26 (0.07)
${\sigma }_A^2$	96	1.04	0.36
${\sigma }_p^2$	834	4.11	1.39
$r_b$	0.90 (0.28)	0.94 (0.34)	0.99 (0.00)
$\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_i$ (%)	7.7	8.7	–
$C{R}_t$ (%)	3.0	1.6	–

Note: MOE_tof: modulus of elasticity of time of flight; DBH: diameter at breast height.