Birthweight and its association with cardiometabolic risk parameters in rural Maya children from Yucatan, Mexico

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of anthropometric, body composition and cardiometabolic characteristics of participants.

Characteristics	All sample (n = 75)	Boys (n = 36)	Girls (n = 39)	P-value
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Age (years)	10.3 (2.5)	9.8 (2.5)	10.8 (2.4)	0.114
Birthweight (g)	2969 (450)	2951 (501)	2984 (505)	0.755
Gestational age (weeks)	38.9 (1.6)	38.8 (1.8)	38.9 (1.5)	0.908
Birthweight (z-score)	−0.45 (0.96)	−0.62 (0.94)	−0.30 (0.93)	0.153
Height (cm)	133.0 (14.7)	130.5 (15.9)	135.3 (14.2)	0.166
Height-for-age z-scores	−1.1 (0.9)	−1.1 (0.9)	−1.2 (0.9)	0.727
Weight (kg)	35.3 (13.4)	33.4 (12.6)	37.1 (14.1)	0.235
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	19.3 (3.8)	18.9 (3.2)	19.6 (3.3)	0.445
Body mass index (z-score)	0.5 (0.9)	0.6 (0.9)	0.4 (0.8)	0.281
Triceps skinfold (mm)	15.1 (6.7)	13.7 (6.5)	16.3 (6.6)	0.100
Body composition – Anthropometric equation
Fat-free mass (kg)	25.3 (8.1)	24.9 (8.1)	25.6 (8.2)	0.727
Fat mass (kg)	10.4 (6.2)	8.6 (5.6)	11.9 (6.3)	0.019
Fat mass index (kg/m^2)	5.5 (2.6)	4.7 (2.6)	6.2 (2.6)	0.015
Biochemical parameters
Glucose (mg/dL)	89.8 (6.4)	89.3 (6.2)	90.2 (6.5)	0.555
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	131.6 (20.4)	131.7 (21.6)	131.5 (19.5)	0.956
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	101.7 (52.3)	101.3 (56.8)	102.1 (48.6)	0.943
HDL (mg/dL)	43.2 (9.1)	44.1 (8.6)	42.4 (10.2)	0.440
LDL (mg/dL)	75.6 (15.5)	75.2 (16.1)	75.9 (15.2)	0.848
LDL/HDL ratio	1.8 (0.6)	1.8 (0.5)	1.9 (0.6)	0.292
TC/HDL ratio	3.2 (0.8)	3.1 (0.7)	3.2 (0.8)	0.333
Metabolic index	5.9 (4.8)	5.4 (3.9)	6.4 (5.4)	0.376

SD: standard deviation; HDL; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL/HDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; TC/HDL: total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Independent t-test was applied to compare mean values of anthropometric, body composition and biochemical parameters between boys and girls.

Figure 1. Partial regression plots of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) [A], low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (LDL/HDL) [B], total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio TC/HDL [C] and metabolic index [D] on birthweight (gestational week and sex-specific z-scores) accounting for children’s age and sex and crowding index in the household. Outcomes were transformed to y = 100 log(e)x and the resulting estimates are interpreted as symmetrical percentage differences.

Table 2. Associations of birthweight with anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters.

Outcomes	Symmetrical percentage differences	95% CI		P-value
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	2.47	−0.64	5.60	0.119
Fat mass index (kg/m^2)	1.52	−9.54	12.58	0.785
Glucose (mg/dL)	−1.09	−2.73	0.56	0.192
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	7.56	−2.92	18.03	0.155
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	1.16	−2.88	5.19	0.570
HDL (mg/dL)	−6.56	−11.56	−1.56	0.001
LDL (mg/dL)	4.47	−0.80	9.74	0.095
LDL/HDL ratio	11.04	3.69	18.39	0.004
TC/HDL ratio	7.75	2.26	13.24	0.006
Metabolic index	19.58	3.14	36.00	0.018

HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL/HDL: low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; TC/HDL: total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; Each row represents a different model with children’s anthropometric and biochemical parameters in the left hand column as the dependent variables and birth weight (gestational week and sex-specific z-scores) as the main independent variable. Outcomes were transformed to y = 100 log(e)x and the resulting estimates are interpreted as symmetrical percentage differences. All models were adjusted for children’s sex, age (years) and crowding index in the household.