Predictors and mediators of pressure/tension in university students’ distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic: A self-determination theory perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. Fit indices of the CFA of the learning climate questionnaire.

Model	χ^2	df	GFI	RMSEA	CFI
Null	366.47	90	.89	.09	.94
Model 1	332.84	89	.89	.08	.95
Model 2	303.39	88	.90	.08	.96

Table 2. Fit indices of the CFA of the perceived competence for the learning scale.

Model	χ^2	df	GFI	RMSEA	CFI
Null	102.62	2	.88	.35	.91
Model 1	1.84	1	.99	.05	.99

Table 3. Fit indices of the CFA of the feelings of uncertainty and threat.

Model	χ^2	df	GFI	RMSEA	CFI
Null	149.97	25	.92	.11	.93
Model 1	689.74	35	.77	.21	.65

Table 4. Fit indices of the CFA of the learning self-regulation questionnaire (autonomous regulation).

Model	χ^2	df	GFI	RMSEA	CFI
Null	443.05	53	.85	.13	.69
Model 1	66.86	5	.94	.17	.90
Model 2	27.72	4	.97	.12	.96
Model 3	9.91	3	.99	.07	.99

Table 5. Fit indices of the CFA of the pressure/tension.

Model	χ^2	df	GFI	RMSEA	CFI
Null	63.37	5	.94	.17	.95
Model 1	10.44	4	.99	.06	.99

Table 6. Correlations between study variables and descriptive statistics (Gender: 1 = female, 2 = male).

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
(1) Gender	-
(2) Age	.05	-
(3) Learning climate	−.14**	.04	-
(4) Perceived competence	.08	−.05	.27**	-
(5) Covid-specific Worry	−.01	.02	−.24**	−.02	-
(6) A. Reasons for learning	−.10*	.02	.51**	.25**	−.01	-
(7) Pressure/Tension	.01	−.02	−.58**	−.41**	.24**	−.31**	-
M	1.22	21.28	4.81	5.17	4.15	5.28	4.01
SD	.43	2.69	1.34	1.20	1.35	1.56	1.55
α			.96	.90	.88	.77	.90

Note. *p < .01, **p < .001, A = Autonomous.

Figure 1. Results of the mediation model of Covid-worry, learning climate, and pressure/tension of the students controlling for gender and perceived competence (all coefficients were standardised).

Table 7. Summary of hierarchical regression analysis in predicting pressure/tension.

Predictors	B	β	SE	95% CI
Step 1
Constant	4.05		.23	[3.61, 4.50]
Gender	−.01	−.01	.18	[−.35, .35]
Step 2
Constant	8.04		.43	[7.20, 8.88]
Gender	−.12	−.03	.14	[−.39, .15]
Covid worry	.14	.12	.04	[.05, .22]
Learning	.04	.03	.06	[−.07, .16]
Climate	−.55	−.49	.05	[−.66, −.45]
Competence	−.38	−.30	.05	[−.48, −.28]
R^2					.43
F					77.14

Note. Learning: Autonomous Reasons for Learning.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.